市场经济条件下大学毕业生就业问题的几点思考

社会主义市场经济体制的建立，使得大学毕业生的就业问题出现了诸多矛盾，如何解决这些矛盾，已经成为进一步深化大学毕业生就业制度改革的重要问题。本文就大学毕业生就业制度改革的必然性、社会性以及如何进行改革进行了探索     

利用归因理论,指导学生就业

目前我国大学毕业生人数增长迅猛,扩招后带来的大学生就业问题作为一个社会问题,越来越为人们所关注,在大学就业指导中适当的运用归因理论,可以有针对性地分析大学生的就业中出现的一些问题和原因,从而有效地对大学生就业进行科学的指导,培养学生树立科学的就业观念.     

我国高等教育个人投资风险影响因素分析

文章从理论上分析了我国当前高等教育个人投资风险的影响因素,认为在高校扩招和就业市场化改革进程中,教育投资者喜欢选择更高层次高等教育来降低市场就业风险和收入风险,但面对经济市场化程度的加深、高等教育层次结构和区域结构不合理、劳动力主次市场和城乡市场分割带来的高等教育风险增加的影响,使得我国当前阶段处于一个大学毕业生就业难、收入相对下降的现状.而要解决这一困境,着力点在于优化高等教育结构和完善我国劳动力市场.     

大学生就业难,都是扩招惹的祸?

2003年是我国高校扩招后的第一个毕业生高峰年,共有212万毕业生进入劳动力市场,与上年相 比增幅达46％,规模之大是史无前例的。大学生就业形势趋于紧张的问题,在许多地方凸显出来。保守 估计,今年的应届毕业生加上2003年沉淀的一部分,2004年要找工作的大学生将突破300万人,每一个毕业生都面临着前所未有的就业压力。     

高校毕业生诚信缺失的原因及对策

伴随着求职高峰期的到来,大学生在推荐材料上弄虚作假、签订就业协议后违约等问题日益突出,在很大程度上影响了社会对大学生的认可度,也违背了高等教育的基本要求。如何解决大学毕业生的诚信缺失问题并且提高毕业生就业率?重构高校毕业生诚信体系迫在眉睫。     

大学生就业挫折心理分析及应对

随着高校扩招,精英教育向大众教育的转变,以及经济增长方式的转变,就业竞争形势日趋激烈,大学毕业生就业中遭受严峻挫折。毕业生就业挫折后出现了焦虑、嫉妒、自卑、冷漠和攻击等心理问题,对此,高校应该给高校毕业生予以积极的引导,使大学生迅速走出逆境,恢复积极健康的心态。     

大学生就业心理调试

随着严峻的就业形势和激烈的择业竞争,当前大学毕业生在面对较大的就业压力时往往会出现一些不健康的心理现象和倾向。正确认识高校学生就业中的心理矛盾和障碍,帮助高校学生做好充分的心理准备,对学生顺利求职择业尤为重要。只有通过社会、高校、学生的共同努力,才能有效地帮助大学毕业生解决心理矛盾和消除心理障碍,走出就业误区,实现就业。     

经济增长和发展对劳动力人口需求的理论分析

多年来,学术界就我国的人口、劳动力过剩等问题展开了讨论,都认为,劳动力供给过剩,就业将是90年代和下个世纪前一两个年代的大问题,也认识到就业与经济增长、投资等等之间有着密切的关系,与经济发展方式也密切相关。那么,经济怎样增长和发展,才能使劳动力就业问题解决得好一些呢?有必要从理论上分析经济增长速度、投资、经济发展与国民经济对劳动力人口需求、就业水平、失业率等等之间的关系,同时给其中一些问题的计量实证研究在理论上提供一种方法。劳动力是推动经济增长和发展最重要的资源,劳动力人口的就业水平又是由经济增长和发展对劳动力人口的需求所决定的,其中经济增长决定劳动力的就业机会,即需求水平;而经济发展决定整个国民经济对劳动力人口的需求容量。     

高职院校职业决策困难主题课堂教学探索

职业决策是每一位即将进入社会的大学毕业生必须面对的重大课题。高职毕业生面对的职业决策困难具有普遍性。借助于一堂职业决策困难主题课堂教学为毕业生的就业提供帮助。本课堂以问题教学法为主体结合案例为引子提出问题,学生在此基础上以问题为原点拓展讨论,从而最大限度的实现教学目标。同时是对高职就业指导课教学进一步探索。     

地方农业院校工科专业毕业生就业现状调查及对策研究

当前,农业院校中的工科专业毕业生比例逐年增加,但是,由于学科建设以及社会认知等多方面的问题,其在求职就业过程中面临诸多问题及挑战,针对以上情况,该文依据农科院校工科专业毕业生就业现状调查结果,探讨了其在就业中存在的问题,提出了农业高校工科专业就业教育管理模式改进的思考,以期为解决相应问题提供思路.     

Parent–Child Emotional Communication and Children's Coping in Middle Childhood

Parent–child communication regarding children's negative emotions and coping were examined in a sample of 75 5th graders (53% boys) and their mothers and fathers. We predicted that emotionally open communication between a parent and his or her child would be related to children's use of constructive coping strategies. Parents reported on how they react to their child's negative emotions, and children reported on how much they share their negative feelings with each parent. Additionally, emotional communication was measured during a parent–child discussion task involving an event that was upsetting to the child. The results indicated that emotional communication, as reported by mothers, fathers, and children, as well as mother–child observed communication, were related to children's coping strategies. The findings point to a need to assess emotional communication using multiple measures that tap both the child's and the parents’ perspectives and that use different methodologies.     

Emotional Regulation and Display in Classroom Victims of Bullying: Characteristic Expressions of Affect, Coping Styles and Relevant Contextual Factors

Research suggests that victims of bullying may lack skills in emotional regulation, a process which facilitates coping with provocative situations to lessen the stress of negative emotions (Cicchetti, Ackerman, & Izard, 1995). The present study examined the emotional regulation and display patterns of victims during classroom bullying episodes. Children in grades one through six were observed during free play in the winter and spring of three consecutive school years. Results of the study indicated that the coping styles observed in victims of bullying can be grouped into two distinct clusters: 1) problem-solving strategies that are associated with the de-escalation and resolution of bullying episodes; and 2) aggressive strategies that tend to perpetuate and escalate the bullying interaction. Parallels were found between victims' and bullies' emotional displays. Results are discussed in the context of how maladaptive emotional regulation processes may act as risk factors for chronic victimization.     

Caregivers' Coping and Self-Forgiveness After the Death of a Care-Receiver

ABSTRACT

This study explores the relationship of self-forgiveness with adaptive coping and nonadaptive coping. This study addresses self-forgiveness as part of the grieving process of Alzheimer's disease caregivers. One hundred and thirty-three caregivers who had recently lost a loved one were surveyed. The bivariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between self-forgiveness and adaptive coping and non-adaptive coping. Furthermore, stepwise regression models computed for the study variables revealed that adaptive coping and non-adaptive coping were statistically significant in explaining the variation in self-forgiveness. Based on these findings, future directions in research are explored.     

Research Review: Risk and protection in the context of services for children in need

The paper summarizes the evidence and provides definitions of risk, protective factors, resilience, coping strategies and need in the context of children in need. Definitions are offered for children in need and children's services. The way in which individual interpretation can alter objective assessment of risk is explored. A method for recording evidence relevant to clinical practice on behalf of children in need is offered. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.     

应对气候变化的协同效应研究综述

协同效应研究是近年来气候变化适应与减缓的重要研究领域,为量化评估和统筹制定面向区域大气环境管理与应对气候变化的综合性政策提供了新视角与新思路,逐渐成为气候变化适应与减缓的重要政策工具。协同效应在应对气候变化方面的研究进展,包括研究应对气候变化的协同效应的定义阐述、模型建立与案例分析等方面。国际上对于协同效应研究已经进入了由科学研究向决策服务的阶段,是服务区域国际气候谈判的重要科学基础。相比之下,对于发展中国家,特别是对于中国的协同效应研究,目前仍然处于起步阶段。进一步加强协同效应研究,对于科学体现应对气候变化的政策效果具有重要意义。     

Peer Victimization: The Role of Emotions in Adaptive and Maladaptive Coping

Mediator models were examined in which children's emotional reactions to peer aggression were hypothesized to mediate their selection of coping strategies and subsequent peer victimization and internalizing problems. Self‐report data were collected from 145 ethnically diverse kindergarten through fifth grade children (66 females and 79 males) who attended a predominantly low‐ to middle‐class school. Hypothetical scenarios were used to assess children's anticipated responses to peer aggression. Victims reported more intense negative emotions (e.g., fear and anger) than did nonvictims. Fear emerged as a predictor of advice seeking which, in turn, predicted conflict resolution and fewer internalizing problems. Conflict resolution was associated with reductions in victimization. Anger and embarrassment predicted revenge seeking which, in turn, was associated with increases in victimization. Additional pathways predicting changes in peer victimization across a single academic year as a function of children's emotional and coping responses to peer abuse are discussed.     

Inter‐parent Aggression as a Precursor to Disengagement Coping in Emerging Adulthood: The Buffering Role of Friendship Competence

Using multi‐informant data drawn from a prospective study involving 184 youth, mother‐perpetrated and father‐perpetrated partner aggression during early adolescence (the age of 13) was examined as a predictor of five types of disengagement coping strategies in emerging adulthood (the age of 21): behavioral disengagement, mental disengagement, denial, substance use, and restraint. The ability to develop close friendships, or friendship competence, was examined as a moderator of these links. Results suggest that inter‐parent aggression in early adolescence can predict reliance on disengagement coping 8 years later, but that friendship competence can buffer against the reliance on disengagement coping. Moreover, close friendship competence was not directly related to partner aggression by mothers or fathers, suggesting that friendship competence develops along an independent developmental track and thus may truly serve as a buffer for young adults with a history of exposure to inter‐parent aggression.     

Coping Strategies and Relapse of Substance Abusers: A Case Study of the Therapeutic Community Program in Indonesia

The present study examined the ability of people with substance‐dependence problems to cope with stressful events and refrain from resuming alcohol drinking and the use of drugs. This study specifically examined the length of time that substance abusing‐residents spent in a state‐owned, residential‐based therapeutic community program at Lembang‐Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. A study sample of 68 residents completed a questionnaire with four sections. The results of this study showed no significant differences in the scores rating the coping behavior of the residents according to the length of stay in the program. This study also found no significant differences in the Coping Behavioral Inventory scores of the residents according to the level scores of total Coping Strategy Inventory. It is important for social workers to understand the relationship between the length of stay of residents and their ability to cope so that they can effectively engage in intervention work with individuals with substance‐dependence issues who participate in the therapeutic community.     

Maternal disclosure and adolescent prosocial behavior: The mediating roles of adolescent disclosure and coping

In this study, we considered the impact of mothers' willingness to disclose about distressing events and rule transgressions on their adolescent children's willingness to disclose about similar events, as well as adolescents' ability to cope and to show concern for others. Mothers and their 12‐ to 14‐year‐old children (N = 125) were asked to say how likely they would be to talk about moderately distressing concerns as well as minor rule transgressions. Adolescent positive coping skills were also assessed. Teachers (N = 92) rated the adolescents' prosocial behaviors in the classroom. Adolescents' disclosure about distressing events and positive coping mediated the relation between maternal disclosure about distressing events and adolescent prosocial behavior. Further, maternal disclosure alone about both distressing events and rule transgressions was related to adolescent prosocial behavior through positive coping. These results suggest that mothers' willingness to talk about their own negative experiences can help children cope better and, ultimately, to show greater empathy and concern for others.     

The Role of Child Emotional Responsiveness and Maternal Negative Emotion Expression in Children's Coping Strategy Use

This study examined the additive and interactive effects of children's trait vicarious emotional responsiveness and maternal negative emotion expression on children's use of coping strategies. Ninety‐five children (mean age = 5.87 years) and their mothers and teachers participated in the study. The mothers reported on their own negative emotion expression and the children's empathic concern and personal distress tendencies. The mothers and teachers reported on the children's use of avoidant, support‐seeking, and aggressive‐venting coping strategies. Empathic concern was positively associated with the children's use of support seeking and negatively associated with the children's use of aggressive venting, whereas personal distress showed the opposite pattern of associations. Maternal negative emotion expression moderated some associations between the children's emotional responsiveness and coping. These findings support the hypothesis that children's tendencies to experience empathic concern or personal distress indicate functionally distinct styles of emotional arousal that may have broader consequences for socially competent behavior in response to normative stressors.