创新型城市理论研究的发展

创新型城市是创新型国家建设的重要支柱。近年来,国内许多城市积极提出构建创新型城市的计划,以期通过引进创新战略提高城市综合竞争力。理论界对什么是创新型城市和怎样建设创新型城市展开了广泛的讨论和研究。本文从创新型城市的研究对象、基本内涵、类型划分和发展模式等几个方面,梳理归纳了理论界研究的最新进展。希望通过对已有文献的梳理,有助于深化创新型城市的理论研究,并指导创新型城市的建设实践。     

基于熵权法改进TOPSIS模型的创新型城市评价及障碍度研究——以天津市为例

笔者对天津市2009年～2015年创新型城市发展水平进行评估,分析其创新发展的障碍因素,利用熵权法改进TOPSIS模型和障碍度模型从知识创新、科技创新、服务创新、文化创新和创新环境5个方面选取39个指标构建创新型城市建设评价指标体系,熵权法确定各指标权重,用改进TOPSIS对天津市创新型城市发展水平进行评价,再运用障碍度诊断深入剖析天津市创新型城市建设的障碍因子.目前,天津市创新型城市建设水平一般,近两年主要障碍因素集中于科技创新和环境创新.创新型城市建设需要通过提出增加并合理分配R&D经费投入、提升高新技术集聚区重点产业的关联度、加强人文环境、基础环境和机制环境的建设等提高创新建设水平.     

广州市创新型城市建设研究

"十三五"时期(2016—2020年)是广州市推动国家创新中心城市建设的重要时期。本文首先梳理了城市创新理论的演进历程,结合新时代广州所面临的经济形势和城市定位,阐述了广州深入推进创新型城市发展的重要意义,分析了广州创新型城市发展的主要成就和所存在的问题,对加快推进广州创新型城市发展提出了对策建议。     

中国优秀创新型城市的创新政策体系建设——以台州市为例

台州市位于长三角地区南端．在核心区的拉动下．由传统农业区脱胎为原生型的新工业区。它依靠大力发展民营企业．完善推进区域创新活动的政策体系．促使其在浙江省城市综合排名中由倒数第二位跃居全省前列。2007年．台州市荣膺中国优秀创新型城市、中国十大最具幸福感城市称号。本文在实地考察的基础上．分析台州市如何建设促进创新活动的区域政策体系，供有关方面参考。     

政府治理、创新型城市建设与经济高质量发展——基于广深的对比研究

使用2010—2018年广州、深圳两个城市的面板数据,从政府治理角度测算了城市创新环境治理指数,采用人均地区生产总值度量广深经济发展质量,估计了政府创造的创新环境对两个城市经济发展质量的影响,并分析政府的创新型城市建设与经济发展的传导机制。研究发现,政府创造有利的创新环境能够有效激发广深城市创新活力、促进经济高质量发展。     

我国中部地区中小型城市建设创新城市的路径探索——以芜湖市为例

21世纪以来,在经济全球化背景下,科技创新实力成为全球各国国际竞争力的一项重要指标。是否具备自主创新能力,是国家能否在世界竞争中处于领先地位并持续稳定发展的决定因素。为提高国际竞争力,实现可持续发展,我国早在十年前就将"建设创新型国家"作为发展目标之一。而创新型国家的建成势必离不开创新型城市的支撑,因此,创新城市建设成为当前城市建设的一个关键方向。本文总结了四类创新城市建设类型,并以芜湖市为例,重点探讨了作为我国经济发展第二梯队的中部地区中小城市在创新建设方面的特点与优势所在,并就其如何结合自身特色,发挥所长建设创新型城市进行了探讨。     

韧性城市理论与实践研究进展

韧性作为现代城市应对不确定性变化和威胁的新范式,也是维持城市系统正常运行的有效途径,明确韧性城市的定义内涵、核心机制和评估策略对其实践建设具有重要意义。首先,总结韧性的研究缘起、核心机制和认知观点。其次,阐释韧性城市理论的内涵与外延,从多个角度对其定义进行梳理,简要分析韧性与适应性、可持续性间的关系。根据研究对象的不同将城市韧性归纳为两种类型:城市"特定韧性"和城市"一般韧性",在此基础上对韧性城市的评估体系和提升策略进行归纳。结果发现韧性模式的确为城市复杂问题的解决的有效范式,但仍需要在韧性分类研究和因地制宜的标准体系等方面进行继续提升和完善。     

韧性城市的理论基础与评估方法

应对全球化和气候变化背景下的城市风险,需要思维方式和理论范式的转型.韧性城市是近十年来,国内外兴起的新的城市发展理念.然而,对于韧性城市的理论、 评价方法及政策实践还处于研究和探索阶段.笔者通过国内外文献综述,分析了韧性城市的内涵、 理论基础及评价方法.在我国应对气候变化和城镇化的背景下,可基于韧性理论和IPCC风险评估框架,区分不同灾害类型,开展我国韧性城市的分类评价.笔者的研究有助于推进国内对韧性城市的研究和关注,并为我国正在开展的海绵城市和气候适应型城市试点工作提供一些理论依据和方法.     

论制度创新与提升城市发展活力——以广州建设国家创新型城市为例

制度创新是引领社会发展进步的强大动力，是提升城市发展活力的基本前提和重要保证。广州得改革开放风气之先，如何在经济实力不断增强的同时提升城市发展的活力和后劲，是建设国家创新型城市和向国际先进城市看齐所面临的突出而紧迫的课题。为此，必须根据现代城市创新发展的新形势和新要求来探索和研究制度创新的策略问题。     

调整我们的思路和政策：以创新驱动发展

创新是经济社会发展的永恒主题,也是经济社会发展的不竭动力。世界主要发达国家把科技创新作为国家的发展战略,走创新驱动发展之路,已经成为创新型国家。中国提出到2020年进入创新型国家行列的宏伟目标,这就要求我们必须调整发展的思路和政策,坚持走有中国特色的自主创新道路,实现发展模式从要素驱动和投资驱动向创新驱动转变。     

From Transition to Innovation: Policy Issues in a Knowledge-based Economy

This paper contains a general vision of the main issues on innovation policies in East European new member countries and candidate countries. It is based both on the data taken from the main European benchmarking studies on innovation perspectives, and on the direct experience of advisors who worked in East European pilot countries (Slovenia). This paper focuses on the problems arising from the encounter of European innovation policies and local culture and governance structures in these countries. This situation shows that the innovation phase, following transition, generally calls for a further tuning of EU innovation policies in these countries. In order to develop effective market spin-offs from innovation policies, greater attention should be given to triggering bottom-up policies at regional level by reducing decision-making centralism; lowering the risk of imitative and trend-oriented policies; supporting the birth of new enterprises besides backing the existing ones; developing mostly software rather than hardware policy components. All of this should fit in a general framework recognising the central role of individuals – and thus of culture, starting from entrepreneurial culture – within a knowledge-based innovation process. The recent Slovenian action plan for innovation is included as an example of a strategic plan able to spotlight these main issues.     

The Impact of EU Migration Policies on African Countries: the Case of Mali

This article elaborates on the impact of EU migration policies on African countries, taking Mali as a case study. Building upon fieldwork in the country, it argues that enhanced European involvement (EU and individual member states) has caused Mali to develop a more control-oriented dimension to its migration policy and to strengthen its links with European development actors and the Malian diaspora. While these reverberations of EU policies can be likened to what scholars have established for other African countries, Mali is unusual because of its large exposure to altered regional patterns of migration cooperation. Many of the regional refoulements and deportations end in Mali despite the fact (or, perhaps, because of the fact) that the official Malian state does little to regulate these operations. In the absence of official policy responses, civil society organizations have stepped in to provide returned migrants with basic care and reception.     

Exploring the foundations of the intercultural policy paradigm: a comprehensive approach

In this second decade of the twenty-first century, interculturalism is emerging as a new policy paradigm to deal with diversity dynamics. It is basically viewed as a set of policies sharing one basic idea: that the interaction among people from different backgrounds matters. Its concerns are to intervene politically and to propose a way to manage the dynamics of diversity, based on exchange and interpersonal relations. I propose exploring a foundational internal debate, based on the premise there are at least three different, but complementary, normative strands: contractual, cohesion and constructivist strands. My ultimate purpose is to defend a comprehensive view, grounded on the argument that no one can have the sole authority to define intercultural policy, since the three strands can be applied at different moments, according to different purposes. The challenge is for policy managers to be able to achieve a balance between the three policy drivers.     

The effects of federalism on policies for care of the aged in Canada and the United States

Debates about who should care for the elderly often center on the relative responsibilities of the state and family. In federal societies such as Canada and the United States, however, multiple governments are involved. This article compares and contrasts federalism in these two nations and its effects on the division of fiscal, administrative, and programmatic responsibilities for care of the aged between the national and regional (i.e., state, provincial) governments. Two major policy arenas, health care and social services, are examined, with particular attention focused on the roles played by the nongovernmental sector. Because most care of the aged is provided informally--a situation firmly rooted in the value systems and public policies of both nations--national and regional policies that assist family caregivers directly are examined. Policymakers at the regional level have been more active and often more innovative in constructing policies that are supportive of family caregiving, but in general, few programs of direct assistance exist in either nation and these largely depend on their geographic location. The article concludes with a discussion of the continued effects of federalism for future policies affecting care of the aged and suggests some approaches that can be undertaken to empower families in their caregiving roles.     

Diaspora Philanthropy in the Context of Policy Coherence for Development: Implications for the post‐2015 Sustainable Development Agenda

Thus far, there has been a dearth of studies that systemically examine the relationship between diaspora philanthropy, the development community and securitised migration regimes. This article addresses this by responding to the research question, “How coherent are securitised migration policies with diaspora philanthropy and the transformative development objectives that characterise the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda?” The analysis is based on the concept of policy coherence for development (PCD). The article compares the simultaneous regionalization and securitization of European Union and United States migration policies and contends that these policy strategies undermine diaspora philanthropy, development partnerships and transformative development. Normative change must be introduced in order to establish coherence between globalized migration policies and diaspora philanthropy objectives. Normative coherence for development can be achieved by introducing principles from the SDG's and the Busan Development Partnership Agreement amongst other international development agendas, into migration policy‐making at the national and regional levels.     

Influencing Mobility Outside Transport Policy

Because levels of mobility and car ownership have risen substantially over recent decades (and the increase seems likely to continue), mobility management is becoming more and more important. Transport policy clearly has a direct impact on mobility and can be used to influence the supply and demand for transport. However, transport policy is not the only way to influence mobility. Other areas of policy making (such as energy or waste policies, for example) are also important determinants of mobility, although the influence of these 'non-transport policies' on mobility is often overlooked when identifying policies for mobility management. In this paper, we show that certain non-transport policies might increase mobility whilst others might reduce it. For example, macro-economic policy and land-use planning might act to reduce travel, whilst EU enlargement and cross-border trade agreements might act in the opposite direction and increase travel. Non-transport policies may also indirectly affect mobility. For example, research and development policy can stimulate the introduction of new technology, which in turn can have implications for the introduction of new transport policy options (such as electronic road pricing) and consequently mobility levels. We present a framework with examples to conceptualize the links (both direct and indirect) between transport policies, non-transport policies, social and economic trends, innovation and technology, and mobility. We then identify some of the potential impacts of non-transport policies on mobility in more qualitative terms, including a review of the role of land-use planning, ICT (information, communications and technology) and macro-economic policies in influencing mobility. We conclude that thinking must change about solutions to transport problems. Transport policies alone may not be enough to manage mobility effectively. The achievement of sustainable transport requires transport demand to be reduced at source by combining complementary transport policies and non-transport policies, including technology. We also suggest that new methods of analysis are required to reflect the true complexity of change in travel that is now taking place. This complexity has arisen from a combination of factors, including non-transport policies, and the range of responses from individuals and firms to this new flexibility needs to be understood.     

Adolescence,Sexual Aggression and the Criminal Law

SUMMARY

Criminal law and criminal policy history is perceived as an evolution of legitimation: from a morality paradigm before the Seventies of last century to a utilitarian concept of interdisciplinary enlightenment and rationality, and on to a factual paradigm of risk containment, security orientation and mere exclusion since the Nineties. However, in the area of sexual crime, and especially as far as “the protection of minors” is concerned, Western law appears to have undergone an additional paradigm change, namely in reverting to moralistic principles in disregard of scientific insight. This process, for which victimology appears to be the door opener, is reflected in legal doctrine and criminal policy, in law enforcement, in populistic media and politics. This evolutionary process is interpreted as symptomatic for a post-modern trend in the globalised society where sexual behavior on one hand is blatantly and abusively commercialised, and on the other hand, if deviant, represents the psychologically most expedient object of scapegoating and symbolic policy. The article finishes pleading for a return to the ‘project of modernity’ and to interdisciplinary studies rather than morality as a foundation for criminal policy.     

Rural development and the regional state: Denying multifunctional agriculture in the UK

Under the emerging rural development paradigm, we argue that to be multifunctional an activity must add income to agriculture, it must contribute to the construction of a new agricultural sector that corresponds to the needs of the wider society and it must reconfigure rural resources in ways that lead to wider rural development benefits. By evaluating UK rural policies on the basis of whether or not they attempt to meet these conditions, this paper shows that an implicit recognition of agriculture's multifunctional character has occurred recently through the shift from a sectoral to a regional and territorial perspective that reintegrates farming into rural development. However, in practice, and especially in England, the UK government has been unable to turn multifunctional activities into a real rural development option. In fact, by continuing to support agri-industrial/retailer interests on the one hand, and post-productivist— environmental and amenity— interests on the other, the State is governing mostly by setting up competitively organized ‘projects’ and schemes that continue to justify the concentration (and limitation) of resources allocated to agriculture. Based upon a critique of policy developments over the past decade, this paper emphasizes the need for more innovative forms of state innovation that provide opportunities for new, creative and more spatially embedded forms of supply and demand management in agri-food. In the conclusions, the paper also argues that more critical research is needed to uncover the existing and potential role of both governments and producer networks in progressing sustainable rural development through agricultural multifunctionality.     

The politics of ideas in welfare state transformation: Christian Democracy and the reform of family policy in Germany

The expansion of employment-centered family policies of the Grand Coalition in Germany came with some surprise, as Christian Democrats have traditionally been strongly committed to the male breadwinner model and corresponding family policies. This article investigates why Christian Democrats (though with some inconsistencies) promoted “social-democratic” family policies guided by the adult worker rather than by the male breadwinner model. Illuminating the politics of recent family policy reforms, the electoral rationale for this modernization of family policy, the role of political entrepreneurship, and intraparty political conflicts over the new policy paradigm are discussed.     

Prospects for Innovation in State Policies for the Elderly

A comparison of recent state efforts for the elderly shows wide variation in the extensiveness of innovative responses. Overall, the states have been fairly reluctant to undertake new financial commitments, but have engaged in a wide variety of regulatory policy responses. The sources of innovation in state policy can be attributed to differences in the following major factors: problem magnitude, financial resources, political attitudes and traditions, political capacity, and leadership and lobbying efforts. The states have frequently displayed predictable responses in relation to past levels of policy action, but there are important instances of both "under-achievers" and "unexpected achievers" on specific policies. The level of innovative activity which occurred suggests the importance of lobbying and leadership roles by and for the elderly at the state level.