关于我国社会弱势群体的伦理思考

弱势群体是在社会经济利益和权力的分配中处于相对不利的地位,在政治、经济和文化生活中的影响力相对下降,成为整个社会需要同情和关爱的对象群体。在追求共同富裕的社会主义中国,他们的生活现状处于道德的尴尬状态。如果无视或漠视弱势群体的利益势必给社会的发展和进步带来道德的危害。鉴于此,必须贯彻以人为本、公平正义、人人共享社会发展成果的执政道德理念;选择并设计好扶助弱势群体的道德制度;营造一个扶助弱势群体的道德大环境;增强弱势群体主体适应竞争社会的技能与信心。     

我国弱势群体问题研究综述

作为我国经济社会转型的产物,一个庞大的社会弱势群体逐渐形成。近年来,对此问题的关注和研究,主要集中在弱势群体的界定、成因、特征、类型、危害及治理等方面。一、弱势群体的界定1.能力脆弱论。郑杭生认为,弱势群体就是指那些依靠自身的力量或能力无法保持个人或其家庭成员最基本的生活水准、需要国家和社会给予支持和帮助的社会群体。①杨团认为,弱势群体就是在社会各个群体中处于劣势的脆弱的一群。他们可以从是否丧失具有市场竞争的能力的人力资本、是否难融于所处地域的社会生活、难于与其他群体享有平等的公平权利、是否远离社会权…     

残疾人政治权利的法律保护

残疾人是社会中一个特殊的弱势群体,他们由于先天或后天的原因,导致身体残疾或功能障碍,造成了个人生存和发展中的严重困难.与一般社会成员相比,他们有着特殊的社会需求,应该在国家的政治生活中得到体现.在我国的法制进程中,应针对现阶段法制现实中存在的残疾人政治权利得不到应有法律保护的现象,进行相应的立法完善.完善宪法实施保障制度,使违宪审查和宪法诉讼程序能够及时启动,保护和调动残痰人参与国家政治生活的积极性,选举法中应体现对残疾人选举权和被选举权的特殊保护,残疾人保障法中应设专章保护残疾人政治权利.以法律的形式保障残疾人应有的政治权利,给残疾人以平等的政治地位和应有的政治参与机'会,是社会主义制度的本质要求.     

学校社会工作视角下大学生弱势群体的辅导

一、学生弱势群体概念界定及其群体特征 （一）大学生弱势群体的概念界定 大学生弱势群体是指高校里由先天生理缺陷、家庭经困难或自身心理品质不完整等因素，造成在经济状况、社会位置、权益实现、教育资源占有、教育机会获得、竞争能力、自身素质等方面处于相对弱势地位的部分大学生群体。     

转型期中国社会弱势群体研究综述

我国目前所处的社会结构转型和经济 结构转轨的过程,是大量社会问题得以出现 的主要原因之一。而随着近年来关注弱势群体呼声的高涨,使得一时间被大多数人忽视的弱势群体的问题浮出水面。从中央到地方各级政府的工作报告和"帮扶弱势群体工程"的实施,以及各大媒体对弱势群体的大量报道,无一不显现出社会对弱势群体的关注。     

让流浪的心灵找到航向

近年来，随着我国经济转轨、社会转型加剧以及城市人口流动的加速，流浪儿童的数量日益增多，成为一个特殊的社会弱势群体。其负面效应已经引起政府和社会的广泛关注。     

建设和谐社会必须重视弱势群体保护

弱势群体问题是目前中国社会处于“矛盾的凸显期”的一个重要表征,它凸显了一类矛盾即强势群体和弱势群体的矛盾。建设和谐社会内在要求解决这一矛盾,保护弱势群体,这样才能实现“各得其所”的要求,促进社会稳定有序,使整个社会充满创造活力。建设和谐社会为弱势群体保护提供了宏观理念,即强弱势群体之间的和谐共存。它包括四点:思想上的和谐整合、利益上的和谐整合、制度上的和谐整合与生存上的和谐整合。在实践这一理念的过程中应该遵循三项基本原则即实质公平原则、基本人权原则和持续保护原则。实施弱势群体保护首先要发挥政府保护的主导作用,通过政府完善就业和再就业体系,完善社会保障体系,促进弱势群体的就业和再就业,提高其生活水平。其次要实现社会救助的重要功能,充分发挥社区和其他社会资源对弱势群体的保护作用。再次要鼓励弱势群体的自力救济,促进弱势群体实现根本性的转化。     

残疾——挑战与回应:人人机会平等

在世界各国 ,残疾人都是一个最大的弱势群体。作为一个群体 ,他们缺少健康人所拥有的服务和设施 ,其结果是 ,他们在营养、健康、受教育和就业方面的情况最差。长期以来 ,他们经受着忽视、隔离、贫困、剥夺 ,是救济甚至怜悯的对象。印度残疾人的境况也是如此。照顾残疾人的责任一般由他们的家庭、少数志愿者团体或政府机构来承担。由于印度的残疾人没有任何经济或政治权利 ,他们往往被社会所忽视。多重剥夺社会对他们的漠视表现在残疾人生活的各个方面———从摇篮到坟墓。地方、各个邦、中央政府或者志愿者团体在教育、社会、保健、交通和居…     

弱势群体社区参与特征、影响因素与动员策略 ——基于北京、淄博市部分社区的调查

弱势群体的社区参与对其福利水平提升具有重要意义.本文以公民权利理论及"结构—行动"视角下的社区动员理论为指导,通过问卷法和访谈法对北京、淄博市部分社区的居民社区参与情况进行考察,分析弱势群体的社区参与特征、影响因素以及动员策略.研究发现:弱势群体的社区参与具有低水平和不平衡的特征,民事权利类参与率较高但频率较低,社会权利类参与率较低且不平衡,政治权利类参与率最低且与普通居民差距最大;弱势群体的社区参与率与就业状况、年龄、居住时间等自身因素及社区认同、社区组织发展、邻里关系、社区工作者专业化、参与渠道等外部因素显著相关.对比普通居民的社区参与现状及其影响因素,弱势群体的社区参与除了常规动员策略,更需要专业社会工作方法的使用.     

让流浪的心灵找到航向

案例背景近年来,随着我国经济转轨、社会转型加剧以及城市人口流动的加速,流浪儿童的数量日益增多,成为一个特殊的社会弱势群体。其负面效应已经引起政府和社会的广泛关注。城市流浪儿童的生存状况极其恶劣。居住     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.