中国城乡收入分布动态演进及经验检验

 本文利用“中国营养和健康调查”家庭平均收入的模块数据,采用核密度估计、累积分布函数、洛伦茨曲线等方法刻画我国城乡居民收入分布的动态演进,结果表明,大多数家庭都分享了我国经济快速增长带来的成果,其中高收入阶层比低收入阶层更多地分享了经济成果,城市居民比农村居民更多地分享了经济成果。进一步地,非参数假设检验和相对偏差估计结果表明,N. C. Kakwani的三参数函数和简易公式的基尼系数估计精度较高,广义Logistic分布函数是估计城乡居民收入分布的可行选择。     

基于分组数据的样本基尼系数范围估计

 由于很多收入抽样数据只是公布了相对简约的分组数据,如何依据信息不完整的分组数据估计样本基尼系数的范围是非常重要的。本文针对分组数据中各组收入的取值范围以及各组人均收入是否已知,从多个方面探讨了样本基尼系数的取值范围,并给出了相应的估算公式。最后,结合我国城乡居民收入的分组数据,实证分析了城乡收入基尼系数的范围。     

基于区间型数据的城市居民家庭资产分布研究

文章利用调查数据研究发现,我国地级以上城市家庭的资产分布具有“双峰”特征.因此复合分布函数形式更适合描述城市居民家庭的资产分布状况.采用参数估计的方法发现由sm分布和Burr分布构成的复合分布函数最接近城市家庭资产的真实分布,据此测算的基尼系数为0.5132.对比以往的研究得出:我国城市居民家庭资产分布的不平等程度在逐步扩大的同时,城市家庭中的中产阶层拥有财富的比例也在减少.极端贫困的家庭拥有资产的状况略有改观.     

对我国城乡居民收入分布演变的分析

文章以我国的城乡居民收入为分析对象,利用分布曲线的重要特征值描述了我国城乡居民收入的分布演变趋势,并通过马尔可夫链对我国城乡居民各阶层在收入增长中的差异进行了分析.提出了我国城镇居民的收入分布状态趋向集中,且收入差距渐进拉大;而我国农村居民的收入分布状态则趋向分散,无明显的等收入阶层.并结合城乡居民的内部各个阶层的增长差异提出了优化收入分布的建议.     

人口分布的相对变化对我国地区间收入趋同的影响研究

本文利用省级面板数据研究了人口分布的相对变化对我国地区间收入趋同的影响。修正后的 -趋同分析结果显示,1978-2010年,我国地区间总收入和人均收入都表现为趋同模式,但人均收入的趋同速度比总收入趋同速度大约快16%。为了考察这一趋同速度上的差异,我们使用偏离—份额分析法考察了人口分布的相对变化对地区人均收入趋同过程的影响。分析结果表明,地区间人均收入趋同与人口分布的相对变化有显著关系。     

中国城乡居民多代际收入流动研究

根据多代际收入流动的理论研究框架,基于CHIP2013和CHIP1995的调查数据,分别使用两样本两阶段最小二乘估计(TS2SLS)和分位数回归方法,估计城乡子代对父代和祖父代的多代际收入弹性,结果发现:城镇父子代际收入弹性大于农村父子,城镇居民的代际收入流动性低于农村居民;在多代际收入流动的理论模型中控制父代收入变量,城乡祖父代对子代收入的回归系数都明显下降;城乡居民的父子代际收入弹性从低收入家庭到高收入家庭都呈现递减的特征;城镇和农村居民不同收入阶层多代际收入流动现象差异明显。     

基尼系数在城乡收入差距分析中的应用

基尼系数在城乡收入差距分析中的应用安徽财贸学院王玉梅在我国现阶段,城乡居民的收入、消费水平还存在着一定差距。一般情况下,随着社会进步和经济发展,这种差距会趋于缩小。要观察这一差距的动态变化,除了使用城乡居民消费比率指标外,还可使用基尼系数。基尼系数是...     

一种收入分布函数序列的拟合方法及扩展应用

针对收入分布函数形式选择问题,提出具有＂自适应＂能力的收入分布序列拟合思路,给出基于B-样条的收入分布函数形式,并对收入分布参数进行最小二乘估计。拟合了中国历年城镇居民收入分布序列;导出中国1996-2009年洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数;从函数角度刻画了城镇居民收入水平不断提高的同时,收入差距扩大的动态趋势;验证了城镇居民收入差距的变动轨迹体现着＂阶梯形＂扩大的特征。     

收入分布函数在收入不平等研究领域的应用

收入分布函数的研究对于收入不平等的探讨意义重大,但是国内该领域的研究尚待进一步的拓展。笔者在文献回顾的基础上梳理了国外的相关研究,把常用的分布函数分成两参数分布和多参数分布函数两类,介绍了各类函数拟合居民实际收入分布的效果及其与基尼系数的关系;同时,本文剖析了各类函数之间的内在联系;进一步,基于分布函数的角度,笔者研究了收入流动性与收入不平等之间的联系,分析了平均数和中位数比值与基尼系数之间的数学关系以及如何利用该比值来估计分布函数的参数。利用这些研究结果,文章探讨了2010年我国城镇居民的收入结构和贫困问题并提出了一些前瞻性的研究建议。     

我国城乡居民收入分布的核密度估计

改革开放以来,城乡居民收入差距经历了一个由扩大到缩小又扩大的过程.缩小城乡差距,增加农民收入已成为当前政府工作的重要一方面.目前,学术界已有相当多关于缩小城乡收入差距和我国收入分配的理论性的文章,但是实证性的文章较少.本文尝试用非参数核密度估计的方法对我国的居民收入分城镇和农村进行密度分布,并对经典的核密度估计进行了拓展--在核密度估计中使用一个人口比例的加权求和,而不是一个简单的求和.通过核密度估计的收入分布图就可以直观地观察各时期收入分布水平的变化和整个分布形态.     

Exponentiated Geometric Distribution: Another Generalization of Geometric Distribution

Exponentiated geometric distribution with two parameters q(0 < q < 1) and α( > 0) is proposed as a new generalization of the geometric distribution by employing the techniques of Mudholkar and Srivastava (1993). A few realistics basis where the proposed distribution may arise naturally are discussed, its distributional and reliability properties are investigated. Parameter estimation is discussed. Application in discrete failure time data modeling is illustrated with real life data. The suitability of the proposed distribution in empirical modeling of other count data is investigated by conducting comparative data fitting experiments with over and under dispersed data sets.     

Simultaneous Inferences on the Cumulative Distribution Function of a Normal Distribution

This paper addresses the problem of constructing simultaneous confidence intervals for the cumulative distribution function of a normal distribution at several specified points. The procedure is based upon the observation of a random sample of independent observations from a normal distribution with an unknown mean and variance. A new methodology is proposed for obtaining confidence intervals with a specified overall simultaneous confidence level through the inversion of acceptance sets. Both one-sided and two-sided confidence intervals are considered. Some illustrations of the new method are provided, and comparisons are made with other approaches to the problem.     

Tail Behavior and Limit Distribution of Maximum of Logarithmic General Error Distribution

Logarithmic general error distribution, an extension of the log-normal distribution, is proposed. Some interesting properties of the log GED are derived. These properties are applied to establish the asymptotic behavior of the ratio of probability densities and the ratio of the tails of the logarithmic general error and log-normal distributions, and to derive the asymptotic distribution of the partial maximum of an independent and identically distributed sequence obeying the log GED.     

关于样本均值的抽样分布能否作正态近似的探讨

一、引言当我们对总体均值进行统计推断时,常常需要假定样本均值服从或近似服从正态分布。我们知道,当样本来自于正态总体时,样本①均值服从正态分布;当样本来自于非正态总体时,根据中心极限定理对于足够大的样本容量n,样本均值将近似服从正态分布。对于非正态总体,问题的关键是样本容量n的“足够大”到底指多少?这很难一概而论。人们通常以30为界,将n≥30的样本称为大样本,并认为样本均值-x的抽样分布可作正态近似;而将n<30的样本称为小样本,认为此时不宜将-x的抽样分布作正态近似。许多统计应用者都是按这样的工作规则来做的,但在许多实际…     

Discrete Beta-Exponential Distribution

Consider the estimation of the regression parameters in the usual linear model. For design densities with infinite support, it has been shown by Faraldo Roca and González Manteiga [1] Faraldo Roca, P. and González Manteiga, W. 1987. “Efficiency of a new class of linear regression estimates obtained by preliminary nonparametric estimation”. In New Perspectives in Theoretical and Applied Statistics Edited by: Puri, M. L., Vilaplana, J. P. and Wertz, W. 229–242. New York: John Wiley.  [Google Scholar] that it is possible to modify the classical least squares procedure and to obtain estimators for the regression parameters whose MSE's (mean squared errors) are smaller than those of the usual least squares estimators. The modification consists of presmoothing the response variables by a kernel estimator of the regression function. These authors also show that the gain in efficiency is not possible for a design density with compact support. We show that in this case local linear presmoothing does not fix this inefficiency problem, in spite of the well known fact that local linear fitting automatically corrects the bias in the endpoints of the (design density) support. We demonstrate on a theoretical basis how this inefficiency problem can be rectified in the compact design case: we prove that presmoothing with boundary kernels studied in Müller [2] Müller, H.-G. 1991. Smooth optimum kernel estimators near endpoints. Biometrika, 78: 521–530. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] and Müller and Wang [3] Müller, H.-G. and Wang, J.-L. 1994. Hazard rate estimation under random censoring with varying kernels and bandwidths. Biometrics, 50: 61–76. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] leads to regression estimators which are superior over the least squares estimators. A very careful analytic treatment is needed to arrive at these asymptotic results.     

Transmuted Linear Exponential Distribution: A New Generalization of the Linear Exponential Distribution

In this article, a transmuted linear exponential distribution is developed that generalizes the linear exponential distribution with an additional parameter using the quadratic rank transmutation map which was studied by Shaw et al. Some statistical properties of the proposed distribution such as moments, quantiles, and the failure rate function are investigated. The maximum likelihood estimators of unknown parameters are also discussed and a real data analysis is carried out to illustrate the superiority of the proposed distribution.