稳健高维协方差矩阵估计及其投资组合应用——基于中心正则化算法

高维协方差矩阵的估计问题现已成为大数据统计分析中的基本问题,传统方法要求数据满足正态分布假定且未考虑异常值影响,当前已无法满足应用需要,更加稳健的估计方法亟待被提出。针对高维协方差矩阵,一种稳健的基于子样本分组的均值-中位数估计方法被提出且简单易行,然而此方法估计的矩阵并不具备正定稀疏特性。基于此问题,本文引进一种中心正则化算法,弥补了原始方法的缺陷,通过在求解过程中对估计矩阵的非对角元素施加L1范数惩罚,使估计的矩阵具备正定稀疏的特性,显著提高了其应用价值。在数值模拟中,本文所提出的中心正则稳健估计有着更高的估计精度,同时更加贴近真实设定矩阵的稀疏结构。在后续的投资组合实证分析中,与传统样本协方差矩阵估计方法、均值-中位数估计方法和RA-LASSO方法相比,基于中心正则稳健估计构造的最小方差投资组合收益率有着更低的波动表现。     

基于已实现协方差矩阵的高维金融资产投资组合应用

随着金融市场的发展,可配置金融资产种类不断增加,高维资产的投资组合应用引起了广泛的关注,因此高维协方差矩阵的建模及预测更加重要。基于已实现协方差矩阵,创新地将Elastic Net(弹性网)方法与向量自回归模型结合,对高维已实现协方差矩阵进行建模和预测。实证分析中模型取得了理想的预测精度,待估参数的数目显著下降;由于弹性网方法具备充分的变量选择功能和群组效应,得到的模型更加完善,因此资产之间动态相关结构也更加明晰;分析发现行业之间协方差变化比自身方差变化更加复杂,将VAR-LASSO、VAR-EN、DCC-MVGARCH、EWMA四种模型预测的协方差矩阵应用到投资组合中,结果表明VAR-EN优势明显。     

基于动态收缩法的大维协方差阵的估计及其应用

文章将单因子协方差阵和样本协方差阵相结合,通过对它们进行最优加权平均,提出了新的协方差阵估计方法——动态加权收缩估计量(DWS).该估计量一方面通过选择最优的权重来平衡协方差阵估计的偏差和误差;另一方面估计的是大维数据的动态协方差阵,在估计过程中考虑了前期信息的影响.通过模拟和实证研究发现:较传统的协方差阵估计方法而言,DWS估计量明显提高了大维协方差阵的估计效率;并且将其应用在投资组合时,投资者获得了更高的收益和经济福利.     

基于状态空间图模型方法的投资组合优化决策

将lasso图理论合并到状态空间模型中,利用条件独立性且通过范数惩罚法对协方差阵进行估计。新方法兼具图模型和动态状态空间模型的优点。最后将该方法应用于欧洲股票市场进行投资组合优化决策,结果表明基于lasso图方法的状态空间模型的投资组合业绩要优于自回归和一般的状态空间模型。     

基于倾向得分匹配与加权调整的非概率抽样统计推断方法研究

文章针对非概率抽样统计推断问题,提出了一种解决方法:首先采用倾向得分匹配选择样本,然后采用倾向得分逆加权、加权组调整和事后分层调整三种方法对匹配样本进行加权调整来估计目标总体,并比较不同方法估计的效果.蒙特卡罗模拟与实证研究表明:当网络访问固定样本大小与目标样本大小的比率小于3对,三种加权方法估计的效果均比未加权时匹配样本的估计效果好;当网络访问固定样本大小与目标样本大小的比率不小于3时,倾向得分事后分层调整与未加权的匹配样本估计效果较好.     

基于高维数据的改进CCC-GARCH模型的估计及应用

高维数据给传统的协方差阵估计方法带来了巨大的挑战,数据维度和噪声的影响使传统的CCCGARCH模型估计起来较为困难。将主成分和门限方法有效结合,应用到CCC-GARCH模型的估计中,提出基于主成分正交补门限方法的CCC-GARCH模型(PTCCC-GARCH)。PTCCC模型主要通过前K个最优主成分来刻画大维协方差阵的信息,并通过门限函数以剔除噪声的影响。通过模拟和实证研究发现:较CCCGARCH模型而言,PTCCC-GARCH模型明显提高了高维协方差阵的估计和预测效率;并且将其应用在投资组合时,投资者获得了更高的投资收益和经济福利。     

大维数据的动态条件协方差阵的估计及其应用

大维数据给传统的协方差阵估计方法带来了巨大的挑战,数据维度和噪声的影响不容忽视。本文将主成分和门限方法有效的结合,应用到DCC模型的估计中,提出了基于主成分正交补门限方法的DCC模型（poetDCC）。poetDCC模型主要通过前K个主成分来刻画高维动态条件协方差阵的信息,然后将门限函数应用在矩阵的正交补中,有效的降低了数据的维度并剔除了噪声的影响。通过模拟和实证研究发现：较DCC模型而言,poetDCC模型明显提高了高维协方差阵的估计和预测效率;并且将其应用在投资组合时,投资者获得了更高的投资收益和经济福利。     

基于GMDH的小样本数据预测模型

对于样本数据少的情况,文章中利用SPSS曲线估计的方法选取三次曲线和二次曲线两种模型进行预测,同时用GMDH自回归模型进行分步预测,最后利用GMDH组合模型将三种模型进行组合预测。预测结果表明:GMDH自回归模型对于小样本数据的预测结果优于其他模型,效果更好、更稳定。     

加权残差平方和最小的组合预测组合权重的确定

文章分析了组合预测中组合权重恒大于零的不足之处,证明了组合加权权重可正可负;根据新旧历史数据对预测结果的影响程度不同,探讨并给出了时间权重的概念和时间权重应该满足的条件,且基于所给时间权重建立了加权残差平方和最小的组合预测组合权重确定模型,并推导出了基于时间权重的组合预测组合权重确定公式。     

一种异方差模型的两阶段估计

在异方差线性回归模型中,当模型误差项的协方差阵未知时,对异方差模型进行估计目前还没有比较好的方法。基于此,提出一种异方差模型的两阶段估计—基于异方差一致协方差阵估计,该方法将异方差一致协方差阵估计HC5m和广义最小二乘估计法结合起来,综合使用全部样本的信息,并对异方差模型进行估计。通过大量的蒙特卡洛数值模拟和实证分析,结果表明该方法具有一定的可行性和有效性。     

Non-stationary spatiotemporal analysis of karst water levels

Summary.  We consider non-stationary spatiotemporal modelling in an investigation into karst water levels in western Hungary. A strong feature of the data set is the extraction of large amounts of water from mines, which caused the water levels to reduce until about 1990 when the mining ceased, and then the levels increased quickly. We discuss some traditional hydrogeological models which might be considered to be appropriate for this situation, and various alternative stochastic models. In particular, a separable space–time covariance model is proposed which is then deformed in time to account for the non-stationary nature of the lagged correlations between sites. Suitable covariance functions are investigated and then the models are fitted by using weighted least squares and cross-validation. Forecasting and prediction are carried out by using spatiotemporal kriging. We assess the performance of the method with one-step-ahead forecasting and make comparisons with naïve estimators. We also consider spatiotemporal prediction at a set of new sites. The new model performs favourably compared with the deterministic model and the naïve estimators, and the deformation by time shifting is worthwhile.     

Bayesian integrative analysis for multi-fidelity computer experiments

This paper proposes a Bayesian integrative analysis method for linking multi-fidelity computer experiments. Instead of assuming covariance structures of multivariate Gaussian process models, we handle the outputs from different levels of accuracy as independent processes and link them via a penalization method that controls the distance between their overall trends. Based on the priors induced by the penalty, we build Bayesian prediction models for the output at the highest accuracy. Simulated and real examples show that the proposed method is better than existing methods in terms of prediction accuracy for many cases.     

Dynamic structural models with covariates for short-term forecasting of time series with complex seasonal patterns

This work presents a framework of dynamic structural models with covariates for short-term forecasting of time series with complex seasonal patterns. The framework is based on the multiple sources of randomness formulation. A noise model is formulated to allow the incorporation of randomness into the seasonal component and to propagate this same randomness in the coefficients of the variant trigonometric terms over time. A unique, recursive and systematic computational procedure based on the maximum likelihood estimation under the hypothesis of Gaussian errors is introduced. The referred procedure combines the Kalman filter with recursive adjustment of the covariance matrices and the selection method of harmonics number in the trigonometric terms. A key feature of this method is that it allows estimating not only the states of the system but also allows obtaining the standard errors of the estimated parameters and the prediction intervals. In addition, this work also presents a non-parametric bootstrap approach to improve the forecasting method based on Kalman filter recursions. The proposed framework is empirically explored with two real time series.     

Reference Priors for Matrix-Variate Dynamic Linear Models

We develop reference analysis for matrix-variate dynamic models with unknown observation covariance matrices. Bayesian algorithms for forecasting, estimation, and filtering are derived. This work extends the existing theory of reference analysis for univariate dynamic linear models, and thus it proposes a solution to the specification of the prior distributions for a very wide class of time series models. Subclasses of our models include the widely used multivariate and matrix-variate regression models.     

基于一种贴近度的IOWA算子的优性组合预测模型

传统的组合预测模型中每一种单项预测方法在各个时点具有相同的加权系数,但实际上同一种单项预测方法在各个时点的预测精度有高有低,为了克服单项预测方法取固定权系数的缺陷,构建了基于一种贴近度的IOWA算子的变权系数的组合预测模型,并探讨模型的非劣性组合预测、优性组合预测存在性的充分条件,实例分析结果表明：该模型在预测效果评价指标体系中明显优于传统的组合预测方法。     

A robust functional time series forecasting method

Univariate time series often take the form of a collection of curves observed sequentially over time. Examples of these include hourly ground-level ozone concentration curves. These curves can be viewed as a time series of functions observed at equally spaced intervals over a dense grid. Since functional time series may contain various types of outliers, we introduce a robust functional time series forecasting method to down-weigh the influence of outliers in forecasting. Through a robust principal component analysis based on projection pursuit, a time series of functions can be decomposed into a set of robust dynamic functional principal components and their associated scores. Conditioning on the estimated functional principal components, the crux of the curve-forecasting problem lies in modelling and forecasting principal component scores, through a robust vector autoregressive forecasting method. Via a simulation study and an empirical study on forecasting ground-level ozone concentration, the robust method demonstrates the superior forecast accuracy that dynamic functional principal component regression entails. The robust method also shows the superior estimation accuracy of the parameters in the vector autoregressive models for modelling and forecasting principal component scores, and thus improves curve forecast accuracy.     

An improved meta-analysis for analyzing cylindrical-type time series data with applications to forecasting problem in environmental study

In this paper, we propose an improved generalized least square (GLS) meta-analysis in a linear-circular regression, and show its utility in the analysis of a certain environmental issue. The existing GLS meta-analysis proposed in Becker and Wu has a serious flaw since information about the covariance among coefficients across studies is not utilized. In our proposed meta-analysis, we take the correlations between adjacent studies into account, and improve the existing GLS meta-analysis. We provide numerical examples to compare the proposed method with several other existing methods by using Akaike's Information Criterion, Bayesian Information Criterion and mean square prediction errors with applications to forecasting problem in Environmental study.     

Application of Stein Rules to Combination Forecasting

We propose some Stein-rule combination forecasting methods that are designed to ameliorate the estimation risk inherent in making operational the variance–covariance method for constructing combination weights. By Monte Carlo simulation, it is shown that this amelioration can be substantial in many cases. Moreover, generalized Stein-rule combinations are proposed that offer the user the opportunity to enhance combination forecasting performance when shrinking the feasible variance–covariance weights toward a fortuitous shrinkage point. In an empirical exercise, the proposed Stein-rule combinations performed well relative to competing combination methods.     

Adaptive robust estimation in joint mean–covariance regression model for bivariate longitudinal data

The estimation of the covariance matrix is important in the analysis of bivariate longitudinal data. A good estimator for the covariance matrix can improve the efficiency of the estimators of the mean regression coefficients. Furthermore, the covariance estimation itself is also of interest, but it is a challenging job to model the covariance matrix of bivariate longitudinal data due to the complex structure and positive definite constraint. In addition, most of existing approaches are based on the maximum likelihood, which is very sensitive to outliers or heavy-tail error distributions. In this article, an adaptive robust estimation method is proposed for bivariate longitudinal data. Unlike the existing likelihood-based methods, the proposed method can adapt to different error distributions. Specifically, at first, we utilize the modified Cholesky block decomposition to parameterize the covariance matrices. Secondly, we apply the bounded Huber's score function to develop a set of robust generalized estimating equations to estimate the parameters both in the mean and the covariance models simultaneously. A data-driven approach is presented to select the parameter c in the Huber's score function, which can ensure that the proposed method is robust and efficient. A simulation study and a real data analysis are conducted to illustrate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed approach.     

变权重组合预测模型的局部加权最小二乘解法

随着科学技术的不断进步，预测方法也得到了很大的发展，常见的预测方法就有数十种之多。而组合预测是将不同的预测方法组合起来，综合利用各个方法所提供的信息，其效果往往优于单一的预测方法，故得到了广泛的应用。而基于变系数模型的思想研究了组合预测模型，将变权重的求取转化为变系数模型中系数函数的估计问题，从而可以基于局部加权最小二乘方法求解，利用交叉证实法选取光滑参数。其结果表明所提方法预测精度很高，效果优于其他方法。