差别定价闭环供应链协调应对生产成本扰动研究

文章以一个新产品和再造品存在差别定价的闭环供应链为研究对象,考虑突发事件干扰新产品和再造品生产成本的情况,研究了集中式决策闭环供应链的应对策略,以及收益共享契约协调分散式决策闭环供应链的问题。研究表明:在突发事件干扰下,对于集中式决策闭环供应链,当两种产品生产成本的扰动程度均较小时,原稳定环境下的最优产量决策具有一定的鲁棒性;至少一种产品生产成本的扰动程度较大时,受干扰程度较大的产品应按其生产成本扰动相反的方向进行调整其原稳定环境下的最优产量决策,而另一种产品最优产量的调整方向受扰动程度较大产品生产成本的扰动程度、两种产品的替代系数以及额外单位生产或处理成本的影响。对于分散式决策闭环供应链,两种产品生产成本的扰动程度均较小时,原稳定环境下的收益共享契约仍有效;至少一种产品生产成本的扰动程度较大时,则需改进原稳定环境下的收益共享契约以再次协调闭环供应链,且改进后的契约也能够协调稳定环境下的闭环供应链。最后,通过数值算例验证了模型的合理性及契约协调的有效性。     

不同CSR分担模式下的闭环供应链销售努力与定价决策

本文研究考虑企业社会责任(CSR)闭环供应链的定价及销售努力问题,在制造商、零售商以及二者联合承担CSR三种模式下,分析了CSR行为对闭环供应链销售努力及定价策略的影响。研究表明,无论在何种CSR分担模式下,成员企业的CSR行为不仅有利于降低产品价格,提高零售商的销售努力水平、产品销量及废旧产品回收效果,还有效的增加了制造商的社会福利、第三方及系统的总利润。当制造商或零售商单独承担CSR时,第三方及闭环供应链整体的利润均相等且大于二者联合承担CSR时。当制造商和零售商联合承担CSR时,二者的社会福利均大于其单独承担CSR时,且主导零售商的社会福利较之制造商更大。     

需求扰动下闭环供应链的收益费用共享契约研究

本文研究了由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的零售商负责回收闭环供应链。指出通过收益费用共享契约可协调解决分散式决策闭环供应链中存在的“双边际效应”问题,提高其运营效益。当突发事件引起市场需求中的最大市场需求规模发生扰动时,通过对集中式决策闭环供应链的最优决策与稳定环境下起协调作用的收益费用共享契约协调零售商所得到的最优决策进行比较分析,结果表明：稳定环境下的收益费用共享契约将不能协调突发事件干扰下的分散式决策闭环供应链。基于收益费用共享契约的协调机理对其参数进行改进可再次协调突发事件干扰下的分散式决策闭环供应链,并且该契约也能够协调稳定环境下的分散式决策闭环供应链。最后,通过算例验证了本文的主要结论并说明了收益费用共享契约的价值。     

政府规制下混合渠道销售/回收的电器电子产品闭环供应链决策

针对混合渠道销售及回收的电器电子产品闭环供应链(CLSC),考虑当前我国实施的WEEE规制政策的影响,建立CLSC决策模型,并基于博弈分析方法求得政府规制工具的最优参数和CLSC中各成员企业的最优经营策略及利润,以及社会福利和消费者剩余。结果表明:政府向电器电子产品制造商征收的WEEE处理基金越高,则产品批发价、直销价和分销价均越高;政府给予WEEE处理商的处理补贴越高,则各WEEE回收企业的回收价格及回收量均越高;消费者环保意识越高以及对WEEE回收价越敏感,都越有助于各回收企业增加WEEE回收量,提高CLSC各成员企业的利润,以及促进社会福利和消费者剩余的增加;消费者对产品分销价与直销价的价格差越敏感,则对制造商和销售商的利润、社会福利以及消费者剩余越无益,但不影响第三方回收企业和处理企业的利润。     

具广告效应的闭环供应链协调性能研究

构建了一个具广告效应的闭环供应链博弈模型,研究广告效应对闭环供应链节点企业决策,以及闭环供应链协调性能的影响。首先,在集中决策、分散决策和广告合作决策三种决策模式下,分别探讨了节点企业的广告投入量、回收率和广告分担率决策,然后,分析了广告效应对各决策变量和利润的影响,最后,运用数值方法,从渠道效率和制造商/零售商收益分配比两方面考察了广告合作对闭环供应链的协调性能。主要结论为:1)广告合作可以增加广告投入量、回收率和节点企业的利润,从而实现闭环供应链的协调;2)节点企业的最优广告投入量、广告分担率、回收率和利润均与广告效应正相关;3)广告合作策略极大地提升了闭环供应链的渠道运作效率,降低了制造商/零售商的收益分配比。随着广告效应的增大,渠道运作效率会逐渐降低,而制造商/和零售商的收益分配比会逐渐升高。     

政府补贴下制造商回收的多期闭环供应链网络均衡

为刻画闭环供应链系统运作的动态性和复杂性特点,本文在综合考虑环保约束和政府补贴等因素的基础上,建立了制造商回收模式下的多期闭环供应链网络均衡模型,其中假设市场需求在不同规划期内动态变化,渠道成员通过库存和旧产品的回收连接相邻规划期。运用变分不等式理论分别刻画了制造商层、零售商层和需求市场层的最优行为和均衡条件,进而推导整个多期闭环供应链网络均衡模型。通过投影收缩算法对数值算例进行求解和灵敏度分析,研究结果表明:再制造转化率的提高有利于各渠道成员和消费者利益的改善;尽管资源再生厂向制造商收取未再利用旧产品的处理费能够迫使其提高回收力度,但却导致零售商和闭环供应链收益的损失;政府应实施补贴机制并促进渠道成员之间的协作来改善闭环供应链网络的绩效。这些结论将为现实中闭环供应链节点企业的动态决策以及政府部门制定补贴政策提供支持。     

渠道冲突环境下的闭环供应链协调定价模型

在销售渠道和回收渠道均存在冲突的情形下建立了闭环供应链博弈模型.首先,在分散化定价决策下研究了闭环供应链中的节点企业为了取得各自最优利润,如何确定自己的批发价、零售价、废旧品的回收价和回收补贴价格,以及分析了销售渠道冲突和回收渠道冲突对节点企业定价决策和利润的影响.然后,以集中化定价决策下的均衡结果作为基准,提出了一个改进的两部定价契约来实现闭环供应链的协调,以弥补分散化决策的效率损失.最后,运用算例的方法,进一步分析和讨论了渠道冲突对闭环供应链定价决策、制造商和零售商收益比,以及闭环供应链渠道运作效率的影响.     

Closed-loop supply chain configuration for new and reconditioned products: An integrated optimization model

Closed-Loop Supply Chain Management (CLSCM) is considered as a strategic response to the call for corporate sustainability while further expanding the scope of value creation to include product reconstruction. The Closed-Loop Supply Chain (CLSC) performance is directly related to the CLSC network design. The CLSC network design, with long-term and strategic connotations, involves selection of an integrated network of partner organizations to be engaged on one hand in the forward supply chain processes relevant to families of existing and new products and also involved in reverse supply chain activities relevant to reconstruction of the returned products. At the tactical level, Closed-Loop Supply Chain Configuration (CLSCC) attempts to address issues pertinent to launch of a new product and its reconstruction. The CLSC network design is well studied in the current literature, but addressing the CLSCC is neglected. To study the CLSCC problem we: (a) develop an integrated optimization model for problem; (b) present a real-world case study of a battery manufacturer; (c) based on the case study, we conduct a comprehensive set of computational experiments followed by a series of what-if analyses to compare profitability of the Forward Supply Chain Configuration (FSCC) versus the CLSCC; and (c) discuss the key observations and managerial implications drawn from the computational experiments, applicable to other real-world instances. The significant outcomes of the study suggest that: (i) performance of the firm׳s base case integrated CLSCC model is significantly better than the current supply chain model (ii) the sales-price ratio of new battery is found to be negatively related with the maximum acquiring price of used batteries; (iii) combination of sales price ratios of new and reconditioned batteries determines the total net profit for a given return rate. Finally, important managerial insights and scope for future research are discussed.     

Models for closed-loop supply chain with trade-ins

Three kinds of decision models for closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) with trade-ins are developed in this paper, including the centralized collection (Model C), the retailer collection (Model R), and the manufacturer collection (Model M). By analyzing these models, we argue that there are three types of optimal collection strategies, namely, no collection, partial collection, and full collection. We provide conditions under which one of these three collection strategies is optimal for different supply chain models. By comparing the impact of trade-ins on these different supply chain models, we find that only when the direct net value of a used product derived from the trade-ins for the whole CLSC system including the consumers is high enough can trade-in strategy be adopted to stimulate consumer demand and improve the manufacturer׳s and retailer׳s profit. Based on the life-cycle assessment method, we find that when the marginal effect of the product on environment in the continue-to-use phase is more significant than in other phases, trade-ins can promote the environmental performance of the CLSC system. Further, by comparing the optimal solutions for the different models, we find that one collection model may dominate the others in terms of the economic performance of the involved parties. Specifically, Model M dominates Model R in terms of the profits of the manufacturer and the profits of the whole supply chain; Model R dominates Model M in terms of retailer׳s profit; and Model R dominates all other models in terms of environmental performance.     

制造商竞争下闭环供应链的押金返还制度研究

本文研究制造商竞争环境下,政府对闭环供应链成员实施押金返还制度时,废旧电器电子产品的回收决策问题。首先构建了制造商完全垄断情形的闭环供应链基准决策模型,然后考虑制造商之间的竞争,分别构建政府对制造商和对回收商实施押金返还制度的闭环供应链决策模型,最后对结果进行比较和分析。研究表明：押金返还制度可以使新产品的零售价和废旧产品的回购价降低;制造商间的竞争和押金返还制度均可以提高闭环供应链中废旧电器电子产品的回收率;与对制造商实施押金返还制度的情形相比,对回收商实施押金返还制度时闭环供应链的总利润和回收率更高。     

回收责任分担视角下零售商主导闭环供应链的政府奖惩机制研究

研究零售商主导的闭环供应链奖惩机制问题，分别建立了四个博弈模型：政府对制造商实施奖惩机制；政府对回收商实施奖惩机制；政府同时对制造商和零售商实施奖惩机制以及同时对制造商和回收商实施奖惩机制。研究表明：政府对制造商实施奖惩机制、政府对回收商实施奖惩机制以及政府同时对制造商和回收商实施奖惩机制三种情形下零售价、回收率和批发价相等，且总利润相等；政府同时对制造商和零售商实施奖惩机制与其它情形相比，废旧产品的回收率较低，批发价较高，且总利润降低，但四种情形下零售价相同；当政府同时对制造商和回收商实施奖惩机制时，若制造商承担的回收责任较大，则闭环供应链成员都能从奖惩机制中获益。     

政府奖励机制下闭环供应链的利他关切性决策

考虑政府奖励机制的影响,文章对闭环供应链中的利他关切性决策进行研究。文章首先构建了制造商是否利他关切的两种分散决策和集中决策模型,并求解给出最优回收决策和政府最优奖励决策;然后,对各模型的最优决策进行比较分析,讨论制造商的利他关切对决策的影响。在此基础上,设计“数量折扣联合固定费用-成本共担”契约,对闭环供应链系统进行协调。最后,通过数值算例验证模型结论。研究表明：(1)政府奖励强度的设置存在阈值。只有当奖励强度大于阈值时,奖励机制才有效,才能促进废旧品的回收。(2)制造商的利他关切行为有利于系统获利,但不利于制造商利润的增长,但是这种利他行为扩大了制造商和零售商的谈判空间,有利于协调机制的实施;(3)政府最优奖励强度与WEEE回收价格和价格敏感系数正相关,与利他系数正相关。并且,政府奖励强度的增加有利于“数量折扣联合固定费用-成本共担”契约协调机制的达成。     

The Benefits and Pitfalls of Social Capital: Empirical Evidence from Two Organizations in the United Kingdom *

Recently, there has been a shift in the way management scholars view the firm, from traditional models that are based on ideas of opportunism and market failure to newer knowledge‐based theories that argue for a more socialized perspective. One of the key components of these theories is the notion of social capital. Social capital is the set of resources that accrue to an individual or group by virtue of their social connections. As such, it is a resource that is jointly owned. Most recent research adopts a more‐is‐better approach to social capital, suggesting that individuals with larger quantity of ties derive more positive benefits. However in this paper, we argue that using social capital has both benefits and drawbacks for organizations, and that these positive and negative aspects of social capital occur simultaneously. To substantiate our claim, we use data collected from sets of interviews with senior and middle managers in two organizations in the United Kingdom. Our findings indicate that while social capital has many beneficial effects with respect to information access and retrieval, community building, and underlying group norms, there are also a number of less‐beneficial aspects, which are under‐explored in the current empirical literature. Furthermore, we suggest that organizations must develop an understanding of the bridging and bonding elements of social capital, as these are critical for its implementation. Implications of the research findings and future research directions are discussed.     

考虑CSR行为意识的闭环供应链运作与协调

在考虑制造商企业社会责任(CSR)行为意识及零售商CSR投入的情形下,研究第三方回收闭环供应链的运作及协调问题。分析了制造商的CSR行为意识与零售商的CSR投入之间的交互影响关系,以及二者对闭环供应链成员及整体绩效的影响。研究表明,制造商的CSR行为意识与零售商的CSR投入均有利于降低新产品批发价格、扩大新产品市场需求、提高废旧产品回收率,且二者具有相互激励的作用。虽然制造商的CSR行为意识会导致自身纯利润减少,但却能实现更大的社会福利、改善闭环供应链其他成员及整体的绩效。“收益共享-成本共担”契约不仅可以实现闭环供应链系统协调,还能促使制造商增强CSR行为意识、零售商提高CSR投入水平。     

An Operations Perspective on Product Take‐Back Legislation for E‐Waste: Theory,Practice, and Research Needs

Agrowing stream of environmental legislation enforces collection and recycling of used electrical and electronics products. Based on our experiences with producers coping with e‐waste legislation, we find that there is a strong need for research on the implications of such legislation from an operations perspective. In particular, as a discipline at the interface of systems design and economic modeling, operations focused research can be extremely useful in identifying appropriate e‐waste take‐back implementations for different business environments and how producers should react to them.     

COMMENTARY: Silver Bullet Junkies and the Codifiers That Love Them: Behavioral Roots Behind a Legacy of Bad Modeling and Use

As research continues to evolve, it is important to look back with a critical eye on its impact on practice and what is guiding its trajectory into the future. In this work we discuss some of the key behavioral drivers that taken as a whole have made for a less than ideal relationship between research, model development, and use/reliance in practice. From a general public‐good perspective, there is an obvious need for academics to take on a greater role of responsibility when it comes to both research and curriculum in an effort to avoid some of the failings that our past work has inevitably encouraged to date.     

Performance Measurement: Challenges for Tomorrow*

This paper demonstrates that the context within which performance measurement is used is changing. The key questions posed are: Is performance measurement ready for the emerging context? What are the gaps in our knowledge? and Which lines of enquiry do we need to pursue? A literature synthesis conducted by a team of multidisciplinary researchers charts the evolution of the performance‐measurement literature and identifies that the literature largely follows the emerging business and global trends. The ensuing discussion introduces the currently emerging and predicted future trends and explores how current knowledge on performance measurement may deal with the emerging context. This results in identification of specific challenges for performance measurement within a holistic systems‐based framework. The principle limitation of the paper is that it covers a broad literature base without in‐depth analysis of a particular aspect of performance measurement. However, this weakness is also the strength of the paper. What is perhaps most significant is that there is a need for rethinking how we research the field of performance measurement by taking a holistic systems‐based approach, recognizing the integrated and concurrent nature of challenges that the practitioners, and consequently the field, face.     

Electronic Data Interchange: Research Review and Future Directions*

For nearly two decades, electronic data interchange (EDI) has been widely viewed as a technology pivotal to supply chain management that has also provided benefits to firms on multiple levels. Despite a substantial body of literature, there are a number of conflicting and inconclusive research results in this field. In this study, we synthesize the diverse body of research in EDI by organizing the literature into an initial theoretical framework. Based on a meta‐analysis of results from the empirical literature, we seek to clarify conflicting results from the literature in order to develop a more unified theoretical framework of contextual variables associated with EDI adoption factors and outcomes. From a managerial standpoint, our literature‐based framework offers a set of guidelines for making successful EDI adoption and implementation decisions.     

The Influence of Cost and Quality Priorities on the Propensity to Outsource Production*

Outsourcing of production has escalated over the past decade due to unprecedented competition and worldwide access to low‐cost labor markets. This article examines how cost and quality priorities—two key attributes of manufacturing strategy—influence a manufacturer's propensity to outsource. By doing so, we bridge the existing gap between research on manufacturing strategy and firm boundaries. We develop a theory‐based model that links a manufacturer's cost and quality priorities to its plans to outsource production. Our empirical analyses, based on survey data obtained from 867 manufacturing business units, control for firm‐specific factors previously shown to impact outsourcing, including asset specificity, uncertainty, and current capabilities in cost and quality. We found that the competitive priority placed on cost played an integral role in sourcing decisions, while, surprisingly, conformance quality priorities did not. The cost result is consistent with our expectations and observations in practice. The significant effect of cost priority on outsourcing shows that any theory of firm boundaries that fails to consider competitive priorities is incomplete. The finding regarding quality, which was counter to our expectations, may partially explain why there is an emergence of so many nonconforming products associated with outsourcing. Taken together, our results provide theoretical insights for future research into how manufacturing managers can improve their decision making on outsourcing production.