需求信息可部分观察时供应链中的信息汇聚效应

考虑由一个供应商和两个零售商组成的二级供应链,供应链中的上下游企业共享需求信息.假设产品的需求分布未知且需求信息只可部分观察,企业按贝叶斯法则更新自己的先验.由于需求信息在供应商处汇聚,供应商与零售商占有的信息量不同,这就可能扭曲供应商对市场需求的认识,造成供应商认为市场过度膨胀或萎缩,我们把这种现象称为信息汇聚效应.本文将给出信息汇聚效应的定义,并给出在两周期供应链中发生信息汇聚效应的充分条件,进而推出发生信息汇聚效应概率的下界.数值算例表明,在一定情况下,在供应链中发生信息汇聚的概率会很可观.     

Value of Sharing Production Yield Information in a Serial Supply Chain

New developments in corporate information technology such as enterprise resource planning systems have significantly increased the flow of information among members of supply chains. However, the benefits of sharing information can vary depending on the supply chain structure and its operational characteristics. Most of the existing research has studied the impact of sharing downstream information (e.g., a manufacturer sharing information with its suppliers). We evaluate the benefits of sharing upstream yield information (e.g., a supplier sharing information with the manufacturer) in a two‐stage serial supply chain in which the supplier has multiple internal processes and is faced with uncertain output due to yield losses. We are interested in determining when the sharing of the supplier's information is most beneficial to the manufacturer. After proposing an order‐up‐to type heuristic policy, we perform a detailed computational study and observe that this information is most beneficial when the supplier's yield variance is high and when end‐customer demand variance is low. We also find that the manufacturer's backorder‐to‐holding cost ratio has little, if any, impact on the usefulness of information.     

基于产品时间价值的闭环供应链库存策略研究

许多被回收产品的价值会随着时间推移迅速减少,因此如何尽可能地利用库存策略减少此类产品价值的损失就成为了非常值得研究的问题.本文将EOQ模型拓展到闭环供应链中,基于产品的时间价值推导出了允许缺货和不允许缺货两种情况下回收品和成品库存的最优策略,并讨论了产品价值的流失对库存策略的影响.     

供应链信息管理研究现状及展望

供应链信息管理问题已涉及的研究范围包括供应链上信息流特点的研究,信息分类的研究,牛鞭效应的存在、成因及弱化措施的研究,牛鞭效应以外的其它类型信息失真的研究,由信息失真引起的信息风险问题的研究,以及利用信息共享相关技术支持解决信息管理问题的研究等。对供应链上的信息分类、信息失真、信息风险和信息共享等信息管理问题的国内外研究成果进行了全面的回顾和总结。通过对供应链上信息管理问题的研究方法进行的分析和总结,针对供应链中普遍存在的信息管理问题指出了进一步研究的方向。     

Demand Forecast Sharing in Supply Chains

This paper examines the incentives of a manufacturer and a retailer to share their demand forecasts. The demand at the retailer is a linearly decreasing function of price. The manufacturer sets the wholesale price first, and the retailer sets the retail price after observing the wholesale price. Both players set their prices based on their forecasts of demand. In the make‐to‐order scenario, the manufacturer sets the production quantity after observing the actual demand; in the make‐to‐stock scenario, the manufacturer sets the production quantity before the demand is realized. In the make‐to‐order scenario, we show that sharing the forecast unconditionally by the retailer with the manufacturer benefits the manufacturer but hurts the retailer. We also demonstrate that a side payment contract cannot induce Pareto‐optimal information sharing equilibrium, but a discount based wholesale price contract can. The social welfare as well as consumer surplus is higher under the discount contract, compared with under no information sharing. In the make‐to‐stock scenario, the manufacturer realizes additional benefits in the form of savings in inventory holding and shortage costs when forecasts are shared. If the savings from inventory holding and shortage costs because of information sharing are sufficiently high, then a side payment contract that induces Pareto‐optimal information sharing is feasible in the make‐to‐stock scenario. We also provide additional managerial insights with the help of a computational study.     

非对称信息下供应链应急管理和信息价值研究

研究了非对称信息下供应链在突发事件下的应急管理和信息价值问题。当供应链生产计划已经完成后,突发事件发生并导致零售商所面临的市场需求规模以及供应商的生产成本同时发生突变,而且这些突变信息对于供应链成员而言是非对称的。分析了非对称信息对应急管理的影响以及相应的管理对策,发现非对称信息下的最优生产量不超过对称信息下的最优生产量,导致供应链系统收益减少并产生了信息价值,分析了非对称信息下供应链系统的信息价值规律以及影响因素。最后给出数值算例说明了信息在供应链中的重要价值,同时也说明了突发事件情况下实施应急管理的必要性和重要性。     

基于ARMA（1，1）需求的供应链历史订单量信息价值的分析

牛鞭效应和供应链成本是目前供应链管理中值得关注的两个问题,本文通过分析ARMA(1,1)需求条件下的供应链历史订单量信息对牛鞭效应和制造商平均成本的影响,得出历史订单量信息的充分利用可以减小牛鞭效应、降低供应链成本.本文研究表明,如果充分利用历史订单量信息,则需求信息共享对供应链的贡献就不会有目前所认为的那么显著,其中的部分贡献可以由历史订单量信息来承担.因此,历史订单量信息的充分利用可以在一定程度上减少为寻求供应链需求信息共享而付出的投资费用.     

Trust and Information Sharing in Supply Chains

Drawing on behavioral research, we construct a multi‐period model with which to examine the role of trust and other social characteristics in a supply chain. Specifically, we focus on trust building in the context of a salesperson who acts as a representative of a manufacturer and shares demand forecast information with a retailer. The actions of the salesperson affect both her immediate economic gain and her future credibility as determined by retailer's trust. Our analysis reveals that, in such environments, although salespersons of widely varying types (e.g., honest, self‐serving, benevolent, loyal) lie some extent about their forecast information, they tend to be trusted in long relationships, provided their forecasting accuracy is higher than that of the retailer. Furthermore, while the presence of a salesperson can improve the profits of both the retailer and manufacturer, there are cost structures under which the manufacturer is better off without a salesperson. Finally, we make the general observation that the appropriate salesperson compensation scheme depends on her social characteristics, and the specific observation that when the salesperson cares for the retailer, the linear compensation scheme commonly suggested in the literature as the optimal compensation scheme for the salesperson is no longer optimal.     

供应链中供应商订单分配的不完全信息动态博弈研究

针对制造商和供应商之间的不完全信息动态博弈问题,根据供应商提供的质量、交货期和价格等数据,建立了供应商选择过程中的不完全信息动态博弈模型和奖惩机制,通过判断供应商提供数据的真伪性,对供应商的订单分配问题进行了研究,并用算例验证了所建立模型和奖惩机制的可行性。     

Unlocking the Value of RFID

RFID (Radio‐Frequency Identification) technology has shown itself to be a promising technology to track movements of goods in a supply chain. As such, it can give unprecedented visibility to the supply chain. Such visibility can save labor cost, improve supply chain coordination, reduce inventory and increase product availability. Industry reports and white papers are now filled with estimates and proclamations of the benefits and quantified values of RFID. Early adopters are now rallying more and more followers. However, most such claims are educated guesses at best and are not substantiated, that is, they are not based on detailed, model‐based analysis. This paper argues that there is a huge credibility gap of the value of RFID, and that a void exists in showing how the proclaimed values are arrived at, and how those values can be realized. The paper shows that this credibility gap must be filled with solid model analysis, and therefore presents a great opportunity for the Production and Operations Management (POM) research community. The paper reviews some of the ongoing research efforts that attempt to close the credibility gap, and suggests additional directions for further strengthening the POM's contribution to help industry realize the full potentials of RFID.     

Supply Contract Design for Competing Heterogeneous Suppliers under Asymmetric Information

This study considers a supply chain with two heterogeneous suppliers and a common retailer whose type is either low‐volume or high‐volume. The retailer's type is unknown to the suppliers. The flexible supplier has a high variable cost and a low fixed cost, while the efficient supplier has a low variable cost and a high fixed cost. Each supplier offers the retailer a menu of contracts. The retailer chooses the contract that maximizes its expected profit. For this setting, we characterize the equilibrium contract menus offered by the suppliers to the retailer. We find that the equilibrium contract menus depend on which supplier–retailer match can generate the highest supply chain profit and on how much information rent the supplier may need to pay. An important feature of the equilibrium contract menus is that the contract assigned to the more profitable retailer will coordinate the supply chain, while the contract assigned to the less profitable retailer may not. In addition, in some circumstances, the flexible supplier may choose not to serve the high‐volume retailer, in order to avoid excessive information rent.     

基于新产消合一考虑链间竞争的供应链价值最大化研究

在原有的单一供应链价值创造研究的基础上,通过考虑供应链间的竞争关系,完整研究了供应链价值最大化问题。首先基于新产消合一理念应用Cournot博弈构建了考虑两条供应链间竞争的供应链价值最大化模型,然后就供应链创造的整体价值及其与企业联盟对消费者利益的关注程度、消费者对企业联盟利益的关注程度之间的关系、企业联盟价值、消费者价值等问题进行了讨论,获得了一些有益的结论,最后通过数值分析对主要结论的有效性进行了验证。本文研究对于新产消合一理念下全面揭示供应链价值的提升更具有一般性意义。     

基于RFID技术的双供应链投资决策研究

本文考虑零售商主导的分别由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的两条竞争型供应链中,当两个供应商都未投资RFID技术、只有一个供应商投资RFID技术以及两个供应商同时投资RFID技术时,考虑供应商成本结构的差异,对比分析供应链的投资决策。由于模型解析解过于复杂,本文通过算例分析,着重考虑产品的替代率、RFID标签价格以及库存可获得率三个因素对供应链成员利润的影响。结果表明两条供应链对RFID技术的投资决策会因成本结构和产品替代率的不同而发生变化,其中在两个供应商生产成本差异较大且产品竞争强度较低时,生产成本较高的供应商更愿意投资RFID技术,而生产成本较低的供应商不愿意投资RFID技术,两个零售商则希望使用RFID技术,所以此时仅会有一条供应链上的成员达成一致,决定投资使用RFID技术。     

信息共享与协同合作对两级供应链的收益影响

研究了由一个供应商和一个制造商组成的按订单生产的2级供应链系统。用数学的方法分析了信息共享与协同合作在供应商与制造商的不同策略组合下对该供应链收益的影响。通过具体算例对各种策略进行实验分析,并根据实验结果对信息共享与协调合作在各种策略中,对供应链各成员及整个供应链的收益影响进行评估。结果表明,供应链从传统模式转向完全信息共享与协同合作模式,制造商的订货次数、供应商的调整准备次数以及运输次数都大大减少,系统总成本降低了22.76%。信息共享能够降低成本,但主要收益来自系统的协调决策,而且这些收益并不是均匀地在各成员间进行分配的,而是随策略的不同而不同。     

基于两单链合作下的集群式供应链牛鞭效应的H∞控制研究

以集群式供应链跨链间库存合作为背景,针对两单链情形,考察零售商的紧急库存补充渠道来自于另一供应链的零售商,建立了集群式供应链跨链间库存合作下的库存模型和牛鞭效应量化方法。并用H_∞控制理论来寻求最优订货系列,以达到降低安全库存水平,提高顾客满意度和减弱牛鞭效应的目的。仿真实验表明,实施H_∞控制和跨链间库存互补策略可以有效抑制牛鞭效应。     

Planning and Scheduling in Supply Chains: An Overview of Issues in Practice

This paper gives an overview of the theory and practice of planning and scheduling in supply chains. It first gives an overview of the various planning and scheduling models that have been studied in the literature, including lot sizing models and machine scheduling models. It subsequently categorizes the various industrial sectors in which planning and scheduling in the supply chains are important; these industries include continuous manufacturing as well as discrete manufacturing. We then describe how planning and scheduling models can be used in the design and the development of decision support systems for planning and scheduling in supply chains and discuss in detail the implementation of such a system at the Carlsberg A/S beerbrewer in Denmark. We conclude with a discussion on the current trends in the design and the implementation of planning and scheduling systems in practice.     

Managing Disruption Risks in Supply Chains

There are two broad categories of risk affecting supply chain design and management: (1) risks arising from the problems of coordinating supply and demand, and (2) risks arising from disruptions to normal activities. This paper is concerned with the second category of risks, which may arise from natural disasters, from strikes and economic disruptions, and from acts of purposeful agents, including terrorists. The paper provides a conceptual framework that reflects the joint activities of risk assessment and risk mitigation that are fundamental to disruption risk management in supply chains. We then consider empirical results from a rich data set covering the period 1995–2000 on accidents in the U. S. Chemical Industry. Based on these results and other literature, we discuss the implications for the design of management systems intended to cope with supply chain disruption risks.     

The Value of Information for Managing Retail Inventory Remotely

An important difference between both manufacturing and wholesaling vs. retail is the information available concerning inventory. Typically, far less information characterizes retail. Here, an extreme environment of information shortfall is examined. The environment is technically termed “unattended points of sale,” but colloquially called vending machines. Once inventory is loaded into a machine, information on demand and inventory level is not observed until the scheduled reloading date. Technological advances and business process changes have drawn attention to the value of information (VOI) in retail inventory in many venues. Moreover, technology is now available that allows unattended points of sale to report inventory information. Capturing the value of this information requires changes in current business practice. We demonstrate the value of capturing information analytically in an environment with restrictive demand assumptions. Experiments in an environment with realistic demand assumptions and parameter values show that the VOI depends greatly on operating characteristics and can range from negligible effects to increasing profitability 30% or more in actual practice.     

Managing Slow‐Moving Perishables in the Grocery Industry

We address the value of information and value of centralized control in the context of a two‐echelon, serial supply chain with one retailer and one supplier that provide a single perishable product to consumers. Our analysis is relevant for managing slow‐moving perishable products with fixed lot sizes and expiration dates of a week or less. We evaluate two supply chain structures. In the first structure, referred to as decentralized information sharing, the retailer shares its demand, inventory, and ordering policy with the supplier, yet both facilities make their own profit‐maximizing replenishment decisions. In the second structure, centralized control, incentives are aligned and the replenishment decisions are coordinated. The latter supply chain structure corresponds to the industry practices of company‐owned stores or vendor‐managed inventory. We measure the value of information and value of centralized control as the marginal improvement in expected profits that a supply chain achieves relative to the case when no information is shared and decision making is decentralized. Key assumptions of our model include stochastic demand, lost sales, and fixed order quantities. We establish the importance of information sharing and centralized control in the supply chain and identify conditions under which benefits are realized. As opposed to previous work on the value of information, the major benefit in our setting is driven by the supplier's ability to provide the retailer with fresher product. By isolating the benefit by firm, we show that sharing information is not always Pareto‐improving for both supply chain partners in the decentralized setting.     

供应链中信息共享的管理激励研究

信息共享是供应链成功运营的关键,那么如何激励供应链上的成员进行信息共享,提出有效的激励机制成为这一问题的焦点.本文以一个两阶段供应链为研究对象,建立了多目标、多因素管理激励机制模型.研究结果表明通过建立良好的供应链信息共享条件及有效的信息共享管理激励机制,可以提高供应链的性能,实现供应链成员"双赢".