心情(英文)

本期心情栏目为广大读者朋友们提供平台,分享他们对新一年的祈愿和决心。     

Discovering Womens Work:

While the range and nature of Canadian womens work has varied at times and places due to a variety of factors, that work has usually contributed to the family economy. The discussion here focuses on women who were married during the period from just prior to the First World War until the end of the Second World War. Data were gathered from a sample of 22 ever-married women using unstructured face-to-face interviews. Immersion and crystallization were used to analyse the data. Similarities were found in womens experiences during early transitions in marriage, including the mar- riage bar and making ends meet. Fairly quickly, however, the effect of socioeconomic status became more salient. Four categories of womens experiences were identified, including volunteer work, paid work for extras, necessary but hidden paid work, and family provisioning by single women. It is apparent from this study that womens work included not only paid and unpaid work, but Goffma- nian labor that contributed to their families class and status.     

Discovering Women with Disabilities

Abstract

The unique characteristics, strengths, and challenges facing women with disabilities are discussed. A feminist perspective is used to identify and understand the implications for developing policy, and providing services for and practicing with women with disabilities. Rather than utilize a traditional paradigm that places the “problem” within the individual woman with a disability, disability is explored within a social context.     

Theorizing in Family Studies: Discovering Process

This paper makes the case that theorizing in family studies might be different if scholars asked the types of questions that now are asked in the physical sciences. Initial efforts to move toward a more abstract explanatory level in family studies led to inventorying and verification. This paper argues that the recognition of a realm of discovery, allowing for the creative and disciplinary use of imagination and metaphor, would extend the scope and quality of questioning. To ground the argument, the paper focuses on the problematics associated with the conceptualization of process in marriages and families.     

Discovering parental drug dependence: silence and disclosure1

Children of drug dependent parents form a large and growing population at elevated risk of adverse developmental and social outcomes. In this study 36 children and young people described growing up in such families. Parents tried to shield children from exposure, however the majority of young people demonstrated a detailed awareness of their parents' problem with drugs whilst living with the parentally imposed fiction that drugs were not at the heart of their family dynamic. Children and young people are locked into a silence they find difficult to unburden to anyone. The policy imperative is recognition of the impact on children of living daily with parental drug dependence and means of ameliorating their living circumstances in ways that do not label them further.     

Discovering Sex: Medical Science, Feminism and Intersexuality

Dans cet article, l'auteure explore le rôle de la science médicale dans la production et la représentation de catégories du sexe biologique que Ton tient pour acquises. L'accent est mis sur les deafinitions obstétrique et gynécologique de l'intersexualité dans les années 1950. Elle examine comment la science biomédicale a eu recours aux concepts culturels et sociaux de sexe biologique et de l'«apparte-nance sexuelle>> dans la differentiation binaire du sexe pour en arriver à un diagnostic de sexe biologique «véritable>>. Pour conclure, elle évalue les résultats de ses recherches à la lumière des écrits féministes et non féministes dans le domaine de la sociologie de la médecine, des sciences et de l'appartenance sexuelle.
This article explores the role of medical science in producing and reflecting taken-for-granted categories of biological sex. It focusses on obstetric and gynecologic definitions of intersexuality in the 1950s, and examines how biomedical science used cultural and social concepts of biological sex and gender as resources in dichotomizing sex, and creating diagnoses of "true" biological sex. The article concludes with an assessment of the author's findings in light of feminist and non-feminist writings in the sociology of medicine, science, and gender.     

探索城市景观形象建设的新思路

改革开放30年来．我国经济社会发生了巨大变化,城市化步伐加快．城市面貌日新月异。21世纪是城市经济的世纪．高速的城市化发展进程．为我国的经济社会持续快速发展提供了基础平台．有效地提高了国民的物质和文化生活质量。另一方面．为适应快速发展的需要,提高城市建设的速度．许多城市简单地采用“模式化”建设方式．忽略了城市的自身特色、地域特点等．照搬照抄国内外其他城市的建筑、风格、特色等,造成了城市建设“千城一面、个性丧失、整体空间景观形象混乱”等问题和遗憾。     

Municipal subsidies to French associations

A significant aspect of public policies in France is the decentralisation of the public sector and the increased importance of local voluntary associations to implement programmes and influence local political arenas. Subsidies to local associations are an important vehicle for the central government in managing its decentralisation policy. Based on a locality sample, data on subsidies to associations were collected in nearly 400 municipalities. Results show that the allocation of subsidies is highly uneven, and part of a complex network in which private non-profit services are linked to the services that were previously part of the public sector. Implications for the French non-profit sector and for the government's decentralisation policy are discussed.     

Survival in local voluntary associations

This article uses longitudinal data to explore the antecedents of survival among local voluntary associations. The literature distinguishes between deterministic and voluntaristic accounts of organizational survival. In a deterministic perspective, external selection processes determine whether organizations persevere. In a voluntaristic approach, strategic choices and organizational design are paramount. The analyses show that both perspectives have explanatory power. When it comes to avoiding organizational death, organizations can influence their destiny substantially by being extroverted, selecting a diverse and qualified board, and establishing ties to higher organizational levels.     

Discovering rhetoric: The ecology of enterprise in the Bourgeois Era

Deirdre McCloskey's Bourgeois Dignity deploys Israel Kirzner's theory of entrepreneurial discovery in her explanation of the Industrial Revolution. This essay examines whether Kirzner's theory can bear the analytical load that McCloskey would place on it. I identify two potential incongruities between Kirzner's theory and McCloskey's historical account but find them both unconvincing. Kirzner's entrepreneur is a good fit for McCloskey's story. I argue further that the fit can be strengthened by incorporating further elements of Kirzner's theory, including entrepreneurial alertness.     

Discovering Immigration into Turkey: The Emergence of a Dynamic Field

In the last couple of decades, Turkey has become an important country of immigration. In parallel, a new scholarly field has developed to study this largely unrecognized phenomenon. In this paper, I take stock of this new literature. I first show how students of immigration into Turkey had to define the field in relation to the powerful existing fields studying emigration from Turkey and internal migration in Turkey, as well as how they distinguished between “old” and “new” immigration. I then study the emergence of this field under the lead of Ahmet ?çduygu and Kemal Kiri?ci. Later, with the establishment of two central research centres (CARIM and MiReKoç), the field gained important institutional anchors and attracted many new scholars. Today, the field is characterized by a strong dynamism, a plurality of talented scholars and a diversity of concerns and approaches. Even though the field is still at an early stage, it is bound to grow rapidly, as the phenomenon of migration into Turkey remains a highly strategic and lasting phenomenon. It is therefore crucial for the field to become self‐aware of its strength and weaknesses. Consequently, in the final section, I identify important future directions for the field, especially the need for scholars to better understand the diverse political ramifications (foreign and domestic politics) associated with immigration into Turkey.     

Organising principles for international advocacy associations

Recent decades have witnessed a significant increase in the number of voluntary non-profit associations established to address solutions to major international social problems. Many of these associations concentrate on advocacy work, as opposed to service delivery, and are international in scope rather than based in a single country. This paper is concerned with the challenges to organising this particular type of voluntary association.While rapid progress in communications and transportation technology has undoubtedly facilitated the development of these associations, such organisations still face formidable problems. The paper argues that international advocacy associations are successful when they adopt particular organisational structures and strategies to accommodate these problems. In particular, decentralised and federated structures appear to be more viable for the international advocacy arena.This paper reviews relevant literature and elaborates on the theoretical expectations for successful structuring of international associations devoted to advocacy on global issues. Hypotheses are set forth and investigated in a preliminary way through the examination of case studies of three associations.This paper was originally prepared for the Annual Conference of the Association of Voluntary Action Scholars, London, July 1990. The author wishes to thank David Cooperrider and Bill Pasmore for their encouragement to undertake this work, the team of the Social Innovations Project in the Department of Organizational Behavior of the Weatherhead School of Management for allowing him the benefits of their field studies, and David Mason and Herman Stein for their helpful suggestions and useful insights.