论中国计划生育事业对全面建设小康社会的历史贡献

20世纪70年代以来,中国的计划生育工作取得了巨大成就,对全面建设小康社会做出了不可磨灭的历史贡献:实现了低生育水平,提高了社会生产力;改善了人民生活,创造了社会稳定力;保护了资源、环境,增强了发展的持续力;建设了新型生育文化,培育了先进的文化力。     

跨省流动人口计生管理服务问题及建议

随着社会主义市场经济的深入发展,城市化进程的深入推进,带来了中国数以亿计的人口迁移。人口的流动突破了城乡二元结构的束缚,加速了信息流、资金流、文化流的交换和传递,沟通了城乡社会经济联系,为工业增加了竞争力、为城市增加了活力、为现代化增添了动力。同时不断改变的人口流动     

论太极拳运动与人的可持续发展

太极拳运动作为中华民族优秀的传统体育项目,有着深厚的文化底蕴,对人的生存和发展有着重要的意义,其中重要的一方面是促进了人的可持续发展。太极拳运动改善了人体的机能,提高了人的生存和发展能力,为人的可持续发展奠定了重要基础;太极拳运动增强了人的社会适应能力,为人的可持续发展提供了重要的前提;太极拳运动促进了人与自然的和谐发展,是实现人的可持续发展的必然要求;太极拳运动调节了人们的心理平衡,促进了人的心理健康,是实现人的可持续发展的必要条件。     

西方国家社会保障制度对经济发展的影响

西方国家的社会保障制度对经济发展产生了深远的影响。一方面 ,社会保障给经济发展创造了良好的环境 ,使劳动力再生产得以正常进行 ,促进了第三产业的发展 ,解决了一批人的就业问题 ,促进了经济向前发展 ;但另一方面 ,它增加了政府开支 ,导致越来越多的经济资源用于消费 ,影响了资本积累 ,出现积累基金与消费基金比例失调 ,使经济发展失去了动力 ,又阻碍了经济发展。社会保障制度的发展必须考虑经济增长的实际状况 ,使二者保持正常比例 ,才能使社会保障制度发挥应有的作用。     

对企业在转换经营机制过程中加强计划生育工作的探讨

当前,企业转换经营机制的浪潮猛烈地冲击了原有的企业计划生育管理体制。一方面,转换经营机制使企业扩大了自主权,地方政府对企业行政管理职能大幅度降低了,缩小了块块管理的权限,企业和政府间的关系发生了根本性的变化。另一方面,企业转换经营机制以后,经济效益成了人们的着眼点和兴奋点,一些企业的领导产生了单纯经济观点,认为计生工作只投入,不产出,从而忽略了计划生育工作。如何在市场经济的     

城镇中低收入家庭养老保险缴费压力研究

文章分析了我国城镇中低收入家庭灵活就业的状况和特点,建立了养老保险缴费压力模型,对城镇中低收入灵活就业家庭养老保险缴费压力进行了理论和实证分析,研究结果表明养老保险缴费给这些家庭带来了巨大的压力,超出了其承受范围,产生了重要的影响。提出了建立养老保险缴费减免补偿机制等对策建议。     

研究人口理论 宣传人口政策——省人口学会1981年工作总结和1982年工作任务

<正> 一、1981年的工作总结吉林省人口学会,自1980年12月成立以来,在省委、省政府的领导下,在兄弟学会和有关部门的协助下,经过各位理事及全体会员的共同努力,学会的工作是有成绩的。概括起来,主要做了这样四方面的工作:①开展了学术研究活动,在一些问题上,积极向政府提出了建议;②创办了《人口学刊》,活跃了人口理论界的研究空气;③协同有关部门,举办了人口理论学习班,培训了理论宣传骨干;④加强了同省内、外学会的工作联系,积极开展了学术交流。这些活动的开展.有力地促进了我省人口理论界的学术研究,团结了省内人口科学研究工作者和计划生育工作者,推动了计划生育工作的开展,使学会工作开始步入正     

90年代以来欧盟国家国际迁移和国际迁移政策

分析了欧盟国家９０年代以来的人口国际迁移和国际迁移政策。讨论了造成９０年代欧洲新的国际迁移浪潮的原因，尤其是对国际化的影响进行了深入分析；介绍了人口国际迁移状况和基本特点；对国际迁移政策进行了模式分析和分类分析；讨论了欧盟国际迁移政策关注的领域。     

爱心让小思佳坐起来

昏迷了三个多月的小思佳，有了可喜的变化：自己能坐起来了，并且能自主吸氧了!这个惊人的消息传来，河间市的百姓都在为小思佳高兴。在大家的关心和帮助下，小思佳终于能坐起来了。     

有个女儿好福气

年近四十的李国才娶了个妻子，第二年生下了女儿，李国才感觉自己的生活因女儿的到来从此充满了阳光，他无论多累只要看到可爱的小女儿心里就像喝了蜜一样甜，夫妻俩给女儿起了个名字叫甜甜。     

Differentials in divorce in maryland

The basic data needed for measurement of the risks of termination of the legal relationship of marriage by characteristics of the marital partners are not available at this time for the United States because the national divorce registration area includes less than half the States. Special studies based on selected census data or the records of marriages and divorces occurring in one State or community have provided much of the valuable but limited information at hand. Statistics for individual States are subject to substantial bias as a consequence of inter-State migration between time of marriage and time of divorce, but they must serve as a basic data source until national reporting has improved. A record linkage study was undertaken which tied marriages occurring in the State of Maryland in 1959 with divorces occurring in the State in the years 1959–66. Relative, not actual, divorce risks by race, age at marriage, and previous marital status were calculated for couples with at least one partner an in-State resident at the time of marriage. The dissolution rate was higher for whites than for nonwhites. Marriages contracted by persons at very youthful ages and by persons who had been married previously were found subject to greater than average risks of dissolution through divorce.     

Shifts in Reproductive Patterns in China

The People's Republic of China, during the second half of the twentieth century, has been repeatedly affected by social and political upheavals associated with government policies. These have produced strong but unexpected impacts on Chinese demographic patterns. Many of these policies are of the sorts that alter reproductive costs and benefits. This study examines patterns in Hebei, Shaanxi, and Shanghai, three provinces with differing ecological, geographic, and economic characteristics. Government policies affected the three populations differentially; this was evident at both aggregate and individual levels. The Great Leap Forward and subsequent famine created higher birth deficits and mortality among the largely rural populations of Hebei and Shaanxi than the more urban Shanghai. In contrast, the Cultural Revolution and family planning resulted in lower fertility levels for women in Shanghai. The population history of China during the second half of last century thus reflects strong state interventions in the lives of its citizens. Government policies, along with regional variations in geographic, social, and economic conditions, strongly influence individual access to resources in China. Variations in timing and intensity of women's reproductive patterns reflect differential access to resources and subsequent trade-offs.     

Materialism in Pedagogy Students in Chile

Many studies have used Richins and Dawson’s (J Consum Res 19: 303–316, 1992) Material Values Scale (MVS), applying it to different types of populations that exhibit a particular psychometric behavior, and showing little stability in their factorial structure. In the present study, 1,070 pedagogy students from the northern, central and southern regions of Chile answered the MVS. This sample was randomly divided in two. Using the first sub-sample (N = 539), an exploratory factorial analysis was carried out, from which a structure of nine items was grouped into two factors called “Social Success” and “Personal Happiness”, which presented adequate reliability. Later, with the second sub-sample (N = 531), the factorial structure indicated above was put to the test through a confirmatory factorial analysis. The data from the model show that the scale contains 8 items in total, grouped into two dimensions. The factorial loads are significant at the level of 1 %, which indicates that the 2-factor structure can be confirmed. Finally—using the proposed structure—the presence of the students’ material values was evaluated.     

Trends in life expectancy in wellbeing

Objectives: This paper describes anddiscusses trends in life expectancy inwellbeing between 1989 and 1998.Methods: Data on wellbeing by theBradburn Affect Balance Scale is obtained fromthe Netherlands Continuous Health InterviewSurveys for the calendar years from 1989 to1998. Using Sullivan's method, life expectancyin wellbeing is calculated.Results: For males at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing increases significantlyfrom 52.7 years in 1989 (90.1% of the totallife expectancy) to 54.4 years in 1998(90.8%). This increase is almost completelycaused by the increase in total lifeexpectancy. For females at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing raises significant from54.4 years in 1989 (84.1%) to 56.2 years in1998 (86.3%). This increase is almostcompletely caused by a decrease in the numberof years in a state of distress.For both males and females at the age of 65,the significant increase of life expectancy inwellbeing exceeds the increase in total lifeexpectancy and is mainly caused by the decreasein number of years in distress.Conclusion: Contrary to life expectancyin good perceived health and to disability freelife expectancy – which show a decreasing trend– the overall wellbeing of the population isincreasing. It seems that aspects in human lifethat contribute to wellbeing or quality of lifeother than physical health are gaining inimportance. This makes life expectancy inwellbeing a less appropriate instrument tomonitor changes in population health, but auseful instrument to measure population qualityof life.     

论西部开发中的城市发展问题

本文在对近20年来我国城市发展进行回顾与反思的基础上,提出了西部制定城市发展战略和选择城市发展道路的基本原则以及若干城市发展对策措施.     

Increases in childlessness in New Zealand

New Zealand’s fertility fell below the theoretical replacement level (2.1 births per woman) for the first time in recorded history in 1978. It has hovered at or below replacement level ever since. The result, an impression of relative stability, belies changes taking place. Data from the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses show a pattern of delayed childbearing and increased childlessness. In a little over 30 years, childlessness has shifted from being almost entirely a consequence of a couple’s infecundity to being as frequently a result of a woman’s life choices. The steady rises in childlessness recorded by successive cohorts suggest that childlessness is already having a significant effect on New Zealand fertility. Patterns in characteristics of those women choosing not to start families, as well as subtle differences in these patterns between New Zealand and other developed nations, suggest that there is a significant potential for childlessness to cause a more dramatic shift in New Zealand’s total fertility rate. This analysis examines growth in childlessness in relation to marital status, country of birth, ethnicity, regional and urban differentials, religion, and educational attainment of women who were childless at the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses.

中国2000年人口普查的几个问题研究

本文首先指出,中国２０００年的人口普查,是中国人口普查所而临的首次世纪之交的人口普查,因此,是一次具有重要时代意义的人口普查。论文着重对人口普查资料的应用与发展,人口普查资料的发布,以及人口普查资料发布的规范与管理问题,进行了深入讨论。指出,人口普查资料的发布,应包括重要国情指标的发布,并强调国情指标的发布,应由国家统计局纳入统一规范与管理。     

Gender differences in environmental behaviors in China

China represents the third largest economy and the highest level of national carbon dioxide emissions when compared to other nations across the globe. Yet, little social science research has focused on the environmentally oriented behaviors of Chinese nationals, key to understanding levels of environmental impact. This study examines, in China, gender differences in environmentally oriented behaviors, environmental knowledge, and general environmental concern. Making use of path analyses, we identify a pattern of gender differences similar to common findings in the West: women demonstrated greater participation in environmental behaviors inside of the home (e.g., recycling), while outside of the home (e.g., environmental organization donations) no gendered patterns were exhibited. However, Chinese women expressed lower levels of concern than men—a finding opposite of most Western studies. Also distinct from other settings, in China, higher levels of knowledge regarding environmental issues did, indeed, translate into pro-environmental behaviors—thereby not exhibiting the knowledge-behavior gap demonstrated elsewhere.     

Poverty in Ireland in Comparative European Perspective

In this paper we seek to put Irish poverty rates in a comparative European context. We do so in a context whereby the Irish economic boom and EU enlargement have led to increasing reservations being expressed regarding rates deriving from the EU ‘at risk of poverty’ indicator. Our comparative analysis reports findings for both overall levels of poverty and variation by household reference person characteristics for this indicator and a consistent poverty measure for Ireland, the UK and five smaller European countries spanning a range of welfare regimes. Our findings demonstrate that the distinctiveness of Ireland’s situation lies not in the overall levels of poverty per se but in the very high penalties associated with being in a household where the household reference person is a lone parent or excluded from the labour market.     

Sex Differentials in Mortality in the Soviet Union: Regional Differences in Length of Working Life in Comparative Perspective

In this paper we take a different approach from other authors to the study of differences between the mortality of the two sexes in the USSR. First, we use measures of mortality that are not sensitive to the most common types of error in data and that reflect experience in an age range that is important from a policy perspective: the working ages. Secondly, we measure variation in mortality between regions of the USSR. Thirdly, we compare these regional mortality trends with experience in 33 developed countries. The sex differential in mortality in the USSR is an amalgam of very different regional patterns. Its size and rate of change are more extreme in the USSR than in other countries, and are mainly due to the poor and rapidly worsening mortality of men in the Russian Republic. But the widening sex differentials and increasing mortality of men in the older working ages in Soviet regions are similar to trends in many other developed countries.