浅谈我国职业资格认证体系的构建

由于我国职业教育体系发展迅速,职业资格认证体系的形成滞后,导致职业教育中课程、学历证书与职业资格证书不能相匹配,学生所盲目考取的职业资格证书不能与就业准入相契合,无法形成教学与就业的有机结合,以至于用人单位选用人才没有一定的职业衡量标准。本文从职业资格认证体系的概况、存在的法律依据以及解决的办法三个方面来论述职业资格认证体系这个问题。     

有机是一种价值观的选择

国际有机农业运动联盟（International Federation of Agriculture Movements，简称IFOAM）成立于1972年，总部设在德国，由100多个国家的750多个成员组成，是当今世界上最具影响力的国际有机农业组织。IFOAM支援全球和跨国、跨地区合作，制定IFOAM认可的认证机     

台湾地区儿少保护服务的政策、实务与启示

我国台湾地区的儿少保护工作积累了较为丰富的经验.其政策的发展经历了一个从无到有,从有到健全,再到精进的过程;在实务中逐渐形成儿少保护的三级预防体系和一套完整的操作流程.总结台湾地区的儿少保护体系,其呈现的特点有:行政当局主导,民间协力;全民参与,多元通报;依托社工,专业服务;倚重量表,专业决策;家庭为中心,注重预防.大陆可以借鉴台湾地区的儿少保护工作经验,进一步发展儿童保护法律体系、完善服务输送体系,以及建立全社会参与的儿童侵害举报机制.     

台湾高职教育发展及其对大陆的借鉴

高等职业技术教育是台湾地区高等教育体系中的重要组成部分。从专科到研究生层次的独立体系颇具特色,为台湾地区的人才培养和产业经济发展做出了巨大贡献。加深对于我国台湾地区高等职业技术教育的研究和了解,借鉴其优势特色,对于大陆的技术性人才的培养大有裨益。     

儿童虐待强制责任报告制度之研究——基于台湾地区的政策文本分析

儿童虐待是我国亟须重视的社会问题,发展强制责任报告制度已是当务之急。通过政策文本的分析,探讨我国台湾地区儿童虐待强制责任报告制度的内容及存在的问题。借鉴我国台湾地区的经验,我国内地应完善儿童虐待强制责任报告制度的立法体系;确定主管机关;加快民间组织的发展;加强对民众通报知识的宣传和责任人的培训;确认社工的主责地位,加快社工人力的培育。     

当转基因油菜干掉了生态油菜：不可避免的污染

基因污染的第一个受害者是种植有机作物的农户,因为无法保证作物的纯正,他们不得不放弃他们的油料作物种植。为了把事情弄清楚,我与抵制孟山都小麦运动的领导人之一马克·卢瓦塞勒（MareLoiselle）进行了会谈,他投身有机农业实践至今已有22年。     

种植有机蔬菜的亿万地产富婆

当"瘦肉精、注胶虾、地沟油、染色馒头"等一系列食品危机事件频频曝光之后,在人们普遍对食物缺乏安全感背景下,"有机食品"便成了"安全食品"代名词。有机食品被誉为"朝阳产业",近10年有机农产品销售额年递增率超过20%。"21世纪应该是有机食品主导潮流,因为有机农业不仅是一种生产方式(不用化学品)、更是一种生态方式(保护环境)、生活方式(休闲、快乐之地),故又称之为‘三生农业’"。正是对有机蔬菜美好前景发展趋势的判断,使得40多岁的方芹成为安徽省有机蔬菜第一个敢于吃螃蟹的"巾帼英雄"。     

我国高等教育机构资质认证体系初探

文中通过对高等教育机构资质认证体系进行定位,并且从控制论、系统论和高等教育质量观等理论角度结合资质认证体系中的相关要素进行分析．包括认证主体、认证客体、认证标准、认证程序等方面,旨在为今后提出构建我国高等教育机构资质认证体系的基本构想理清思路,并期待进一步为完善我国高等教育机构资质认证制度提出建议．以期规范高等教育机构的办学．确保高等教育质量．     

“鲁蛇世代”：台湾地区青年的生存困境与发展前景

台湾地区青年对于"鲁蛇世代"的群体文化经历了从他者定义到自我认同、从结构使动到自主赋能的转变,具有与东亚地区其他同类群体不同的特质。时代变迁、世代差异、阶级分化、贫富固化限定了"鲁蛇时代"的生存空间以及亚文化的发展方向。对"世代正义"和"分配正义"的诉求成为"鲁蛇世代"的差异点和特质,但台湾地区社会的发展困境无法有效回应这种诉求。"鲁蛇世代"的生成与发展历程体现了当下台湾地区青年群体所面临的发展困境。而走向两岸融合发展是突破困境的理性选择和理想之路。     

台湾地区高校创业教育的特色及其启示

创业学程是台湾地区创业教育中最具特色的教学组织方式。台湾推动跨院系学程的努力成为了其创业教育学程化的宏观背景和直接推动力;而创业教育本身的特殊性是其学程化的内在决定因素。台湾中山大学、台湾大学、逢甲大学所规划开设的创业学程是台湾地区的典型代表,并形成了较为成熟的推行方案。考察台湾地区创业教育的学程制,可以得出学程制因应了经济社会发展的新要求、较好地满足了创业教育的内在要求,以及落实创业教育学程化需要精心组织等启示。     

After the ‘Organic Industrial Complex’: An ontological expedition through commercial organic agriculture in New Zealand

This article uses the evolving understandings of commercial organic agriculture within two research programmes in New Zealand to address three problematic claims and associated framings that have underpinned analysis of the political economy of commercial organic agriculture. These three framings are: 1) that recent commercial developments in organic agriculture have become organised around a grand binary of large-scale, corporate, industrialised organic agriculture that is inhabited by pragmatic newcomers to the industry, against a small-scale, local, authentic remnant of the original organic social movement. This grand binary is most popularly recognisable in the claim by author Michael Pollan of the existence of an ‘Organic Industrial Complex’ that is slowly subsuming authentic organic agriculture. This relates to claim 2) that commercialisation creates inevitable pressures by which organic agriculture becomes ‘conventionalised’. Finally, claim 3) positions organic agriculture alone as the only option for enabling improved environmental outcomes in agriculture. The Greening Food and ARGOS research programmes in New Zealand have studied the emergence of commercial forms of organic and other ‘sustainable’ agriculture in the period since 1995. A series of key engagements are highlighted in the unfolding history of these two programmes which demonstrate moments of transition in understandings of commercial organic, particularly in relation to situations of engagements between the research team and wider actors in the organic sector. These key engagements establish a clear sense in which the three major framings around the political economy of organic commercialisation could not explain the unfolding dynamics of the New Zealand organic sector. Rather, engagement with diverse actors enabled a whole new set of theoretical questions that opened up new areas of politics, contestation and elaboration of commercial forms of organic agriculture – particularly around shifts in power to the retail end of the agri-food chain, around new forms of agri-food governance, and around the politics of new audit systems. Within these shifts, the ontology of some of the researchers within these projects underwent parallel transformation. These transformative influences operated in two simultaneous directions. While the engaged research strategy of the two programmes clearly discomforted the researchers’ underlying assumptions for framing the major trajectories of commercial organic development, the presence of the two research programmes also had an important enactive power in the sector by both rendering ‘thinkable’ particular trajectories and economic experiments and also by reinforcing a ‘metric-centric’ tendency in the evolution of global environmental audit systems. Seen in this light, these engagements open up new questions about the research programmes themselves in terms of the emerging politics of what Philip Lowe describes as a more ‘enactive’ rural sociology and help direct attention to an emerging ‘ontological turn’ in the practice and politics of research.     

Certified organic agriculture in Mexico: Market connections and certification practices in large and small producers

Certification within organic agriculture exhibits flexibility with respect to practices used to demonstrate that a product meets published quality standards. This case study of Mexican certified-organic agriculture finds two forms. Indigenous smallholders of southern Mexico undertake a low-input, process-oriented organic farming in which certification is based upon extensive document review, group inspections, and assessment of on-farm capacity to produce organic inputs. More recently, northern Mexican large agribusiness producers have implemented certifications based upon laboratory testing and assessment of purchased inputs. To specify these differences, this article examines large and small producers in Mexico's organic agriculture sector based on a diagnostic census of Mexican organic agriculture in 668 production zones and field surveys in 256 production zones in which 28 indicators were analyzed. After comparing the organic cultivation and certification practices of large, agro-industrial, input-oriented private firms versus small, cooperatively organized, indigenous and peasant groups, we analyze the implications of this duality for certification frameworks. We argue (with Raynolds, L., 2004. The globalization of organic agro-food networks. World Development 32(5), 725–743; Gonzalez A.A., and Nigh, R., 2005. Smallholder participation and certification of organic farm products in Mexico. Journal of Rural Studies; DeLind, L., 2000. Transforming organic agriculture into industrial organic products: reconsidering national organic standards. Human Organization 59(2), 198–208) that the increasing bureaucratic requirements of international organic certification privilege large farmers and agribusiness-style organic cultivation and present the possibility of a new entrenchment of socio-spatial inequality in Mexico. While organic and fair trade agriculture has been touted as an income-generating production strategy for small producers of the Global South, our study suggests that Mexican organic agriculture reproduces existing social inequalities between large and small producers in conventional Mexican agriculture.     

Conversion to Organic Dairy Production in the Netherlands: Opportunities and Constraints*

Abstract Organic agriculture is perceived as being more sustainable than conventional agriculture. However, while there is a growing interest in, and market for, organic products, large‐scale conversion to organic agriculture is not taking place. Even though conversion from conventional to organic dairy production is not especially difficult in theory, conversion is slow in this specific sector. The conversion process to organic agriculture is often analyzed by investigating farmer motivations and attitudes. However, since modern agricultural production is organized in production chains, which are in turn subject to stakeholder influence, a wider focus that includes these interrelationships might provide new insights regarding the lagging conversion. Based on document analysis, policy analysis, and interviews, this article investigates opportunities for, and barriers to, conversion to organic dairy production in the Netherlands within the setting of the chain network. Opportunities and barriers are found at three levels within the chain network: the actor level, the chain level, and the network level. We conclude that, despite some involvement in organic production and a positive disposition toward it, the chain network is not ready for a large‐scale conversion.     

Family farmers and major retail chains in the Brazilian organic sector: Assessing new development pathways. A case study in a peri-urban district of São Paulo

The expansion of the organic sector in Brazil is seen as a leverage for the social emancipation of the small family farmers. Next to the traditional alternatives circuits of organic food and farming, new powerful capitalistic actors, such as supermarket chains, are rapidly entering the Brazilian organic arena. Can family farming benefit from the development of these “conventional” commercialisation circuits in the organic sector? Research undertaken in 2007, in a green belt rural community of São Paulo, shows how family farmers may have benefited from the implication of large retail chains in the organic sector and how an economically and ecologically outstanding agriculture may arise from these circumstances. However, we highlight the crucial role played by social regulation: only strong solidarity between farmers and the implication of technicians, militants and researchers in the process made it possible to counter the negative effects of the liberal logic governing the development of organic farming via the major retailers. Still, as tougher competition is expected on the regional organic market, the development of short supply chains involving “committed” consumers and the broader integration of the local farmers in networks of organic militancy appear crucial. It would guarantee a continuous enhancement of the local human and social capital, reinforce an emerging process of internal conversion and allow for a stronger social regulation of the future local development pattern.     

Conventionalization, civic engagement, and the sustainability of organic agriculture

It is often assumed that organic farming is synonymous with sustainable agriculture. The broad goals of sustainable agriculture include economic profitability, environmental stewardship, and community vitality. However, the “question of sustainability” (Ikerd, 2008) can be asked of any type of farming, including organic production. One way to assess sustainability is to consider farmers’ perceptions of the sustainability of their operations. I draw on data from a survey of certified organic producers in Washington State to broaden our understanding of the sustainability of organic agriculture. Specifically, I consider certified organic producers’ perceptions of the degree to which their operations contribute to broad sustainable agriculture goals. Moreover, I use multiple regression to investigate how these perceived contributions are influenced by farm conventionalization variables (e.g., organic acreage, non-organic sales, and specialization) and civic engagement variables (e.g., direct marketing, community group membership, and participation in sustainable/organic agriculture organizations) while controlling for farmer demographics and farm location. Farm conventionalization appears to have a significant negative effect on perceived contributions to environmental and social sustainability, but a significant positive effect on perceived contribution to economic sustainability. Civic engagement appears to have a significant positive effect on perceived contributions to environmental and social sustainability, but no effect on perceived contribution to economic sustainability.     

打造沪台经济合作新优势,助推上海城市转型

台湾高新技术产业以其良好的发展势头,成为上海引进世界先进技术与管理经验的重要载体和桥梁,促进了上海产业调整、结构升级,在上海城市产业发展中占据重要地位。同时,上海在长三角地区、海西地区和成渝经济区吸引台商竞争中既占有独特优势,也面临不可回避的挑战。上海应采取优化两岸金融合作政策和人才政策、完善项目扶持制度和服务台商的工作机制、设立专项引导基金和加强对台交流的机制性平台等措施来优化台商投资环境、把握对台经贸发展趋势。     

Work and technological innovation in organic agriculture

Organic agriculture is a sustainable cultivation ecologically, economically and socially. Several researches in organic agriculture have been made from technical perspectives, economic traits or related to ecological aspects. There are practically no investigations into the nature of the technology used in organic agriculture, especially from an ergonomic perspective. From the activity analysis, this study aimed to map the technology used in the production of organic vegetables. Properties producing organic vegetables were selected representing the State of S?o Paulo. It was applied an instrument (questionnaire and semi-structured interview) with their managers and it was made visual records to identify adaptations, innovations and technological demands that simultaneously minimize the workload and the difficulties in performing the tasks and increase work productivity. For some of the technological innovations a digital scanner was used to generate a virtual solid model to facilitate its redesign and virtual prototyping. The main results show that organic farmers have little technology in product form. The main innovations that enable competitive advantage or allow higher labor productivity occur in the form of processes, organization and marketing.     

Designing Dreams or Constructing Contradictions? European Union Multifunctional Policies and the Polish Organic Farm Sector*

Analysts have heralded the principle of “multifunctionality” undergirding the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy “Second Pillar” support mechanisms as a “new . . . and strong paradigm” for agriculture ( van der Ploeg and Roep 2003 ), with the potential to re‐embed social, environmental, and ethical concerns into the structure of the agricultural system. Multifunctionality‐inspired agrienvironmental policies arguably represent an alternative to the productivist‐focused structural forces driving global industrialized agriculture. Yet few empirical studies interrogate the links between the assumed benefits of these policies and farmer experiences. This article examines the introduction of European Union multifunctional agrienvironmental policies in Poland, specifically incentives and supports for certified organic farming, and demonstrates that while favorable incentive subsidies have promoted increased entry into the organic farming sector, inattention to contextual factors has generated barriers to entry and access, creating unanticipated vulnerabilities for Poland's organic farmers and subsequent contradictions in policy implementation. Furthermore, this article demonstrates that, although specific organic certification standards have changed little since Poland's accession to the European Union, the processes associated with new EU multifunctional policies have shifted toward greater institutionalization and bureaucratization, potentially thwarting the efficacy of multifunctional incentives for organic agriculture in the Polish context.     

Farm Work Satisfaction and Acceptance of Sustainability Goals by Australian Organic and Conventional Farmers1

Abstract Farmer dependence on large-scale organizations for inputs to production is an attribute of Australian agriculture and has changed the character of farm work and how farmers see the future of agriculture. We discuss how these changes are related to farmer satisfaction with their work and their commitment to an alternative or conventional agricultural paradigm. Organic and conventional farmers are compared and findings show that organic farmers experience higher levels of work satisfaction and endorse the alternative agricultural paradigm more strongly than conventional growers. Personal success in using organic methods explains differences between organic farmers in their work satisfaction and commitments to the alternative paradigm. Similarly, conventional farmers confident about the future of their farms are satisfied with their work and express some commitment to the sustainability paradigm. Organic and conventional farmers share concerns about environmental sustainability, but are thinking differently about what sustainable farming is and how it will affect the future of Australian agriculture.     

Exploring the Potential of Developmental Work Research and Change Laboratory to Support Sustainability Transformations: A Case Study of Organic Agriculture in Zimbabwe

This paper explores the emergence of transgressive learning in CHAT-informed development work research in a networked organic agriculture case study in Zimbabwe, based on intervention research involving district organic associations tackling interconnected issues of climate change, water, food security and solidarity. The study established that We change laboratories can be used to support transgressive learning through: confronting unproductive local norms; collective reframing of problematic issues; stimulating expansive learning and sustainability transformations in minds, relationships and landscapes across time. The study also confirms the need for fourth generation CHAT to address the complex social-ecological problems of today.