养老保险全国统筹的收入再分配效应研究

本文首先利用1998年到2015年的分省数据研究发现：在地区老龄化水平差异很大的条件下,养老保险的分散统筹管理模式会导致地区间的经济发展和收入增长的两极分化。其次重点研究了养老保险全国统筹对地区收入差异和全国收入分配的影响,定量的研究表明：如果从2000年开始实行完全程度的全国统筹,则到2019年全国的收入差异将边际缩小4.5%。最后对从2018年开始实行的中央调剂金制度的效果进行分析,发现中央调剂金制度难以自然过渡并实现全国统筹的充分效果,因此建议应尽早实现全国“统收统支”的养老保险全国统筹,强化养老保险缴费的收入再分配功能,进而更有效地扎实推动共同富裕。     

实现基本养老保险全国统筹的障碍研究

实现基本养老保险全国统筹是我国养老保障体制改革的发展方向,但不同地区的基本养老保险制度、经济水平、人口结构等方面存在巨大差距,以及业已形成的地方利己主义行为,严重阻碍了基本养老保险全国统筹的实现。通过对基本养老保险全国统筹的障碍进行研究,得出缩小各地区之间的区域差距和明确中央政府与地方各级政府职责,有利于基本养老保险全国统筹的实现。     

我国基本养老保险实现全国统筹的方案设计

实现基本养老保险全国统筹是我国养老保险制度的内在要求,也是我国养老保障体制改革的发展方向和必然趋势。在目前各区域差异明显和业已形成的地方利已主义行为,已严重阻碍了基本养老保险统筹层次的提高。本文针对各区域间差距的情况,设计出基本养老金计发方案,以减少基本养老保险实现全国统筹的障碍与阻力;针对各主体利益行为,设计出“统帐全分,分开管理”的基本养老保险全国统筹模式,以划清中央与地方的权利与责任范围;针对各种方案实施阻力大小,给出最优方案选择。以期为我国基本养老保险尽快实现全国统筹提供对策参考。     

基本养老保险全国统筹即将成为现实

基本养老保险实现全国统筹，是这一制度的内在要求，也是我多年来的主张。因为只有实现全国统筹．才能真正实现劳动力的自由流动并增进这一制度的公平性与可持续性。其实，在党的十六届三中全会审议通过的《关于完善社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》中，就明确提出要逐步“实现基本养老金的基础部分全国统筹”，此后党中央的多次决议与中央政府的多份重要文献都再三明确提出养老保险全国统筹的目标。     

声音

“现行养老保险制度存在很多问题，归根到底是由于统筹层次太低造成的。政府迫于现实跨省转续的障碍等原因，不得不千方百计声称要提高统筹层次。但事实上，对‘下级政府’而言，‘上级政府’并没有提高统筹层次的真正动力。”
　　--中国社科院世界社保研究中心主任郑秉文直言，在财政分灶吃饭体制下，养老保险制度财权事权不明晰，立法不明确，大家都是模模糊糊，统筹提到哪一级，哪一级实际就成为最终的“出资人”和“兜底人”，所以养老保险提高统筹层次的责任就成了“皮球”。     

社保“双轨制”终将合并

当前，我国的养老保险已经实现了制度上的全覆盖，但不同人群待遇差别较大。这种差别是如何形成的，怎样才能弥合？随着改革开放的逐步推进，从1985年起（少数地区从1984年起），各地纷纷开展了重建养老保险社会统筹制度的试点。1991年，国务院颁布了《关于企业职工养老保险制度改革的决定》，在全国建立养老保险社会统筹制度。由此，逐步形成了养老金的“双轨制”。     

“十二五”养老关键词：全国统筹、全覆盖、提标准

3月5日提请十一届全国人大四次会议审查的“十二五”规划纲要（草案）提出：实现城镇职工基础养老金全国统筹。城镇参加基本养老保险人数新增1亿人。城镇职工基本养老金稳定增长,城镇60岁以上非就业居民享受基础养老金待遇。实现新型农村社会养老保险制度全覆盖,提高基础养老金水平。     

养老金如何才能不贬值

目前的养老保险体制是社会统筹和个人账户相结合的模式。但目前来看，这个模式确实遇到了不少困难，也因此引发一连串问题。 比如，目前养老保险统筹层级很低，全国大部分地方基金管理层次还是县市一级，算起来有2000多个统筹管理主体。统筹层级低给养老金投资运营带来困难，个人账户空账问题也比较严重。     

新型城镇化背景下完善我国农业转移人口的社会保障制度

我国农业转移人口社会保障制度建设各地区步调不一致、模式多样,短期内实现全国跨区转移接续和城乡统筹较为困难。现阶段,要以建立全国统一的强制性养老保险为重点完善社会保险体系,保障农业转移人口的基本生活;逐步建立起以与市民享受同等最低生活保障为核心的社会救助制度,保障农业转移人口的最基本生活;根据地区发展条件,适时推进建立农业转移人口福利制度,以提高其生活质量,在保障措施上,加快构建部门和地区统筹协调机制和夸地区有序转移接续机制,形成多元化社保资金筹措渠道,完善各项配套制度。     

农村居民养老保险财政补贴的福利效应研究

财政补贴是农村居民养老保险制度的核心,是农村居民养老保险制度推行和发展的关键。本研究从保障农民基本生活、调节收入分配、促进农村消费和激励农民参保缴费等4个维度对农村居民养老保险财政补贴的福利效应进行分析,发现当前补贴政策存在保障水平不高,地区分配不均,可持续性不强,激励约束不到位等问题。认为通过加大财政补贴支持力度,明确养老待遇调整机制,改善基金运营监管,调整参保缴费激励方案等多重措施,可以更好地发挥农村养老保险制度的福利效应,实现制度从规模扩张向高质量发展的转变。     

PENSION SURVIVORS INSURANCE FOR WIDOWS

Men frequently do not provide pension survivors insurance for their wives. To analyze why, a demand-supply model of survivors insurance is presented. Using the Survey of Private Pension Benefit Amounts, Tobit estimates are calculated for a sample of married male pensioners. Social security reduces the survivors insurance provided through private pensions, partially foiling governmental attempts to reduce poverty among widows. The decline in inflation and the Supreme Court's unisex pension decisions have increased the selection of pension survivors insurance so that an increase could not necessarily be attributed to the passage of the Retirement Equity Act.     

Inequality of Pension Arrangements Among Different Segments of the Labor Force in China

Social security for older people in China today has been established institutionally. However, there are substantial problems such as coverage, affordability, fund management, and corruption. This paper aims to provide a general picture of China's social security system for older people and to argue that the inequality of pension arrangements among different segments of the labor force is one of the most conspicuous problems challenging the Chinese government. Four unequal aspects of the pension system concerning the financing resources and pension levels are examined in this paper: (1) unequal institutional arrangements among different sectors, (2) unbalanced governmental expenditure in pension provision, (3) an increasing gap in pension levels between urban and rural areas, and (4) uncovered groups such as the unemployed and self-employed. Historical, economic, and political reasons all contribute to this unequal institution under transition from socialism to a market-oriented economy. At present, it is urgent for the central government to take measures to integrate the various pension arrangements into the unified Old Age Insurance and to reduce the gaps among different regions.     

Paying for the health and social care of the elderly

The aging population of Japan is causing serious concern among social policymakers. The most urgent issue is to find a way to pay for the health and social care of the frail elderly. After universal coverage of pension and health insurance was achieved, but just before the economic growth rate was considerably slowed, in part, because of the oil crisis, the Japanese government more than doubled pension benefits and made medical care for the elderly free. Since the early 1980s, the government has tried hard to cut and control these benefits, only with moderate success. With a consumption tax rate of only 5%, rather than the proposed 7%, the government is now considering establishing a new health and social care insurance scheme for the elderly to finance the increasing cost of their care.     

Paying for the Health and Social Care of the Elderly

The aging population of Japan is causing serious concern among social policymakers. The most urgent issue is to find a way to pay for the health and social care of the frail elderly. After universal coverage of pension and health insurance was achieved, but just before the economic growth rate was considerably slowed, in part, because of the oil crisis, the Japanese government more than doubled pension benefits and made medical care for the elderly free. Since the early 1980s, the government has tried hard to cut and control these benefits, only with moderate success. With a consumption tax rate of only 5%, rather than the proposed 7%, the government is now considering establishing a new health and social care insurance scheme for the elderly to finance the increasing cost of their care.     

Pension Reform in China

This article analyzes China’s pension arrangement and notes that China has recently established a universal non-contributory pension plan covering urban non-employed workers and all rural residents, combined with the pension plan covering urban employees already in place. Further, in the latest reform, China has discontinued the special pension plan for civil servants and integrated this privileged welfare class into the urban old-age pension insurance program. With these steps, China has achieved a degree of universalism and integration of its pension arrangement unprecedented in the non-Western world. Despite this radical pension transformation strategy, we argue that the current Chinese pension arrangement represents a case of “incomplete” universalism. First, its benefit level is low. Moreover, the benefit level varies from region to region. Finally, universalism in rural China has been undermined due to the existence of the “policy bundle.” Additionally, we argue that the 2015 pension reform has created a situation in which the stratification of Chinese pension arrangements has been “flattened,” even though it remains stratified to some extent.     

The Receipt of Transfer Payments by Immigrants in Sweden

Using the native-born as a benchmark, this article examines the reliance of immigrants on Sweden's social safety net. Both in the raw data, and after conditioning on a number of explanatory variables, we find that there are differences between immigrants and natives regarding participation in the Swedish income security system. We also find that there are differences in this respect between immigrants from different regions as well as between more recent and earlier cohorts of immigrants. As regards unemployment insurance benefits and cash labour market assistance, no clear pattern can be discerned in the results. In the case of early retirement pension and social assistance, however, the picture looks different. Immigrants arriving at an early date from typical labour immigration regions are over-represented in early retirement. Immigrants, especially non-European immigrants with a recent date of arrival, are over-represented among recipients of social assistance. The overall conclusion is that the immigrants' total rate of participation in the income security system is determined by their rate of unemployment and their state of health. On the other hand, the distribution of their participation among the different components of the income security system is highly dependent on their length of residence in Sweden and where they come from.     

Economic security for the elderly in India: an overview

The basic concept of social security is not new in India. Traditionally, a sort of moral economy existed to provide security to older destitute and other vulnerable groups in society. However, gradually, traditional support systems are disappearing, and state-based social security systems have come into existence. Under standardized economic security policies, government is covering retirement benefits for those in the organized sector; economic security benefits for those in the unorganized sector; and old-age pension for rural elderly. These are contributory as well as non-contributory programs. Besides life insurance approaches, savings-linked insurance and Annapurna (food security) are other important programs. However, in terms of coverage, program quality and effectiveness have been largely criticized by social security experts, suggesting immediate reforms to old-age programs.