Office of Economic Opportunity: U.S.A.

The Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), was created at the height of Lyndon Johnson's “Great Society” anti-poverty programmes. It represented a degree of radical activism that reached its culmination in the 89th Congress (1965-66) and indeed has never been repeated: that Congress was perhaps the only genuinely left-liberal one this century (outside the New Deal era, at any rate). The OEO's social policies were tied to a particular theory of public and social administration: that a “rival” federal agency to the existing ones (Health, Education and Welfare, now Health and Human Services; Housing, and Urban Development, et al) could escape their conservative norms. Both at the federal level and in the “field” agencies it spanned to implement its programmes, the new approach to social administration was to by-pass traditional channels. This short, illustrative rather than definitive article, examines how such an approach was undermined by both the U.S. political structure and by traditional “politics as usual”. It is but a snapshot of the era. However, it hints at the general problems that such approaches to “by-passing” traditional agencies and attempting to develop a new autonomy in social reform may have in many countries, especially those with decentralized political structures. For, while decentralized politics provides opportunities as well as barriers to reformers seeking to by-pass traditional elites (which themselves tend to be decentralized, mirroring political structures), it is suggested here that the balance sheet will tend to be negative from the viewpoint of reformist social administration.     

日美关系的两个周期

作者对日、美学者提出的日美关系存在两个周期的论点作出自己的诠释 ,认为 :以 1 91 1年为界 ,2 0 0余年的日美关系经历了从平等到不平等的两个周期 ,每个周期分为平等、过渡、不平等、准平等四个时期。 2 1世纪初叶的日美关系可定位为准平等关系。随着时间的推移 ,日美关系的平等化趋势将进一步发展。这意味着日本将“普通国家”化。日美关系在 2 1世纪之内将进入第三个平等竞争时期。随着这一时期的到来 ,日美间的利害冲突势将增大。     

民国时期医生之甄训与评核

民国时期医生甄训与评核制度经历了一个不断发展和完善的过程.晚清政府对医生采取放任政策,致使医生品流芜杂,庸医盛行,给民众生命安全带来严重危害.民国初期到南京政府成立时期,政府颁布了一系列与医生行医资格有关的法规、条例,但由于政局动荡、医疗人才匮乏,医学教育及社团组织还在初创阶段,医生甄训与评核制度难以顺利实施.医界和政府由此产生了一系列纷争.民国中后期,政府加强了对医生甄训与评核制度的管理,医学界也对其中出现的各种问题进行了反省.尤其抗战胜利后,国民政府加大了对该项工作管理的力度,虽然有些法规没能做到真正贯彻实施,1940年代成立的医生检核委员会表明这一工作逐步制度化,医生的专业化程度不断提高.     

An application of social choice theory to U.S.D.A. forest service decision making

To meet the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the U.S.D.A. Forest Service has changed the way forest plans are developed. The focus of this paper is to address the group-decision problem using social choice theory, specifically the voting models of Condorcet and Borda. The elements of a social choice problem are voters, alternatives, preferences, and aggregation. A case study from the Shoshone National Forest is used to demonstrate the use of the voting models from social choice theory. The solutions derived from the analysis are strategy and coalitional strategy proof implying that behaviors intended to influence the outcome, such as vote trading, would be unsuccessful.