精英型与草根型框架借用——比较失地农民与知识精英的集体抗争

本文利用“框架借用”的概念,对处于同一集体抗争“主框架”下的失地农民与知识精英两个不同性质群体的集体抗争进行了比较研究,指出失地农民通过借用知识精英的话语及策略以建构自己的运动框架,形成草根型框架借用;同时,知识精英也利用失地农民叙事框架的“弱势”特征,形成精英型框架借用,而二者之间的非对称性,很可能导致精英将草根的利益诉求进行“失真处理”,使草根的部分利益诉求被“置换”。     

“汽车梦”的社会建构:对《南方周末》（1998～2007）汽车广告内容的分析

今日中国,拥有汽车已成为大多数城市家庭幸福生活的一种理想。在“汽车梦”的社会建构过程中,作为一种消费意识形态的汽车广告在其中起了非常大的作用。本文以《南方周末》（1998～2007）为例,对近十年的汽车广告内容进行分析。文章认为,“个体享乐性想象认同”和“社会参照性成功认同”是汽车广告用来建构“汽车梦”的两个重要的“认同策略”,其影响作用远远超过了汽车广告中的“功用策略”,对广告内容分析的结果证明了本文所提出的研究假设。文章最后对“汽车梦”为什么在近十年得到极力建构的社会根源进行了探讨,并对其所带来的潜在的社会后果进行了深刻的反思。

     

熟人社会：村庄秩序机制的理想型探究

熟人社会中的“人情”体现为感情、关系、规范和机制等层面。在人情的作用下，熟人社会成了一张微观权力关系网，因此也被整合为对内纷争较少、对外团结一致的亲密社群。在熟人社会中，人们的行为围绕着人情关系展开，行为准则是人情规范，这种人情取向的行动规律就是“乡土逻辑”。因此，“乡土逻辑”可以用来分析当前村庄秩序的变迁。     

当代社会学中的阶级分析：理论视角和分析范式

本文系统梳理了当代社会学研究中的阶级分析文献,揭示了阶级分析视角的核心和多元化的分析范式。阶级分析视角的核心是基于社会关系定义的结构性位置,是关于社会不平等及相关社会现象系统化的结构性解释。多元化的分析范式主要包括：（1）研究对象上的宏观层次（解释大规模社会变迁和转型事件）与微观层次（解释阶级对个人态度、行为和生活机会的影响）;（2）分析思路上的 “结构-意识-行动”（将阶级作为“集体行动者”）与“结构-状况-选择”（将阶级作为“生活条件综合信号”）;（3）解释逻辑上的“剥削和利益形成逻辑”、“状况逻辑或理性行动逻辑”和“结构化（或同质性）逻辑”。     

卡里斯玛、公共性与中国社会——有关“差序格局”的再思考

对费孝通的“差序格局”概念,已有的研究大多从个体与不同类别的其他社会成员之间关系的差异性出发来讨论。笔者以为,类似的模型几乎可以在世界任何一个文化里找到,仅从这一视角出发肯定有所偏差。事实上,费孝通认为存在两种“社群”：由团体格局所形成的“团体”和由差序格局形成的“社会圈子”。东西方社会结构的差异不在于西方只存在“团体”,东方只存在“社会圈子”,而在于这两种“社群”在社会构成上的不同。笔者由此指出,“差序格局”的实际含义是强调由“差序”所构成的社会组织在中国社会中占据主导与支配地位。中国所谓的公共领域,实际上由私人领域扩张与转化而来,或者受到私人领域的支配,这也使得中国社会的公共性供给在相当程度上依赖并取决于处于“差序格局”中心的某个个体或某一批个体的道德性     

当代中国底层社会“以身抗争”的效度和限度分析:一个“艾滋村民”抗争维权的启示

通过对鄂豫两省艾滋疫情高发区“艾滋村民”抗争的考察,笔者提出了当代中国底层社会抗争的两种社会学逻辑：求助于外的“合法抗争”和求助于内的“以身抗争”,一起形成了当代中国底层社会抗争的具有解释力、却又不同逻辑的社会学分析框架。本文考察了“以身抗争”模式的形成机理和运转规则,发现中国底层农民抗争的“非政治性”、“弱组织性”和“具体利益性”取向,“有组织”的政治抗争乃至革命性转化是不太可能的。     

劳动合作、仪礼交换与社会结群——广西龙脊壮族村落的社群结构分析

本文通过对广西龙脊壮族家族和村寨组织的构成及其运作进行描述与分析,具体地呈现一个壮族地方社会的建构逻辑。文章认为,龙脊壮人的“家门”是一个依两可家系组织起来的血缘组织,以家屋为核心,且与家屋具有同构性;“寨”则是一个血缘与地缘合二为一,以寨老为联系中心的人群共同体。“家门”与“寨”以劳动合作和互助以及仪礼交换为基础进行建构;他们充当着家屋之间社群联结及友情的蓄水池,承载并具体实践着龙脊壮人与自己人一起劳动、一起吃住,跟自己人结婚的理想。     

自我组织与遵纪守法：工人依法维权的集体行动策略——以上海SNS企业工人抗争为例

在中国的制度环境下,对于底层工人来说,争取合法权益的同时还要计算在这个过程中的经济成本与政治风险,因此“安全”、“有效”而又“可持续存在”的抗争方式是工人在采取行动时不得不考虑的问题。本文以上海某制造企业工人两次依法维权的行动为例,提出在这种逻辑下工人抗争所采取的“自我组织”与“遵纪守法”的策略,既为抗争提供了组织保障,又提供了行动的合法性。最后,文章将这种抗争策略放在中国宏观社会变迁的背景下进行了讨论。     

外出务工对民族混居农村的影响——来自内蒙古翁牛特旗农村的调查

摘要：近20年来,“农民工”已经成为中国城乡经济活动中的重要组成部分和社会现象,上亿农民进城务工与生活不仅极大促进了城市经济的发展,调整了城市人口的年龄结构,推进了中国城市化进程,同时也有力地改善了农民家庭的收入。但目前学界的研究偏于宏观分析和对“迁入地”的调查,对“迁出地”的调查相对较少。本文以内蒙古自治区半农半牧区的26个自然村的户访问卷调查数据为基础,分析了当地外出务工人员的基本情况、结构性特征及务工活动对当地农户收入的贡献,有助于我们更加深入细致地认识和理解农村的外出务工现象及其对农民生活的影响。     

爱国主义和世界主义：涂尔干的公共思想难题

在全球化时代,曾经作为个体或集体认同主要支配模式的宗教和民族主义,似乎已构不成为现代社会政治认同和公民权的牢固基础。因此,在民族主义和全球化相互作用的过程中,深入理解涂尔干有关爱国主义和世界主义关系的思考尤为必要。涂尔干的社会思想中蕴含着两大基本主题即“社会如何可能”和“社会学如何可能”,它们又融入于其一生所专注的“根据实证科学方法来考察道德生活事实”之研究中。从整体上观照爱国主义和世界主义问题并基于现代社会中人性神圣性的社会事实,能够从方法论和实质性问题思考的交汇层面充分揭示现代社会团结的基础。按照涂尔干的思想,解决这对矛盾的根本出路,在很大程度上是厘清法团和公民国家的关系问题,换言之,关键在于阐明有关职业伦理与公民道德关系的问题。     

Reading Social Work Competing Discourses in the Rules and Requirements for the Diploma in Social Work

Correspondence to Dr Beth Humphnes, Department of Applied Community Studies, Manchester Metropolitan University, 799 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 2RR Summary The changes which have taken place across all of social workeducation and practice in Britain introduce a new phase forthe profession in line with wider political and economic changesin the UK. The Rules and Requirements for the Diploma in SocialWork exemplify these changes, and the document containing themis a useful focus for an analysis of what is at stake. Thisarticle employs discourse analysis to examine the ideologicalfunctions of the Dip.S.W. regulations and their relationshipto wider social discourses, having in mind both the discipliningrole of discourse and its possibilities for transformation.It identifies a dominant regulatory discourse, and an oppositionalliberatory discourse which are in dialogue with each other andwith related discourses. The article considers the constructionof social work in the document in its surveillance, managerialist,competence-based functions. The analysis also looks for contradictoryvoices in these discourses and in CCETSW'. Welsh Language Policyand Equal Opportunities Statement, which might offer sites ofresistance and refusal. It is argued that the shape of the stagesocial work has entered into is not inevitable, and the destabilizingpotential of such an analysis creates a space for the imaginationof alternatives.     

批评话语分析的有效工具--功能语法

批评话语分析作为一种语言分析方法 ,正引起人们的广泛关注。功能语法作为批评话语分析的一种有效工具 ,用于分析西方媒体一向标榜的“公正”、“客观”的新闻报道 ,有助于增强读者对语言操纵的敏感性和对语篇的反控制意识。     

The Positioning Diamond: A Trans-Disciplinary Framework for Discourse Analysis

Social science requires a dual ontology: one for the physical realm, and one for the symbolic realm of meaning. Much research produced in social science remains based in an old paradigm, which entirely neglects the symbolic realm. While social scientists attempting to forge a new paradigm have embraced a discursive approach, this approach lacks a coherent framework that can be systematically applied in the analysis of meaning. This paper presents the positioning diamond as a framework that can be employed in discourse analysis across social science disciplines. The four facets of the diamond—storylines, identities, rights and duties, and the social force of acts—can be analyzed at three levels of discourse: the content, narrator-interlocutor, and ideological levels. The framework can be employed to provide explanations of most types of human thought and action.     

The influence of ‘topic and resource’ on some aspects of social theorising

Developments in sociological theory since the 1960s have been responses to disciplinary problems rather than changes in fashion. The problem of topic and resource—where sociology has to use everyday understandings and practices as study resources even though they are legitimate topics of enquiry—has been an important and sometimes neglected spur to many of these developments. The turn to discourse, conversation analysis and the rise of Bourdieu's reflexivity are all attempts to address the problem, but each is shown to be unsatisfactory in different ways. In summary, they seek to address the issue as requiring either a principled methodological or a principled theoretical solution, and neither approach is capable of comprehensively addressing the matter. It is argued that these ‘solutions’ depend, in turn, on one of two particular construals of what the ‘problem’ consists in, neither of which is necessary or coherent. Each, it is argued, depends on a philosophical trick: making language out to need formal improvement (the Bertrand Russell trick) or introducing inappropriate scepticism to everyday life (the René Descartes trick). It is suggested that treating topic and resource not as a problem but as something which opens up new areas of investigation successfully deflates the issue and avoids unnecessary theoretical and methodological contortions.     

Eldercare Service Redesign in Finland: Deinstitutionalization of Long-Term Care

ABSTRACT

Deinstitutionalization is an important trend in the redesign of long-term eldercare in Finland. It refers to a process where traditional institutional care is partly replaced by home care services and the creation of homelike housing units. The first part of this article provides an overview of eldercare service redesign by using national statistics. The second part consists of qualitative analysis of the deinstitutionalization of eldercare. The data consist of 27 interviews conducted among municipal care administrators and is analyzed using thematic and discourse analysis. Main findings show a deep policy change taking place in eldercare deinstitutionalization discourse lying at its center. A distinction between explicit and implicit deinstitutionalization discourse is made. The former clearly states that institutional care needs to be cut back making it possible for all older people to live at home or in homelike housing facilities. Implicit deinstitutionalization discourse is underpinned by comments of a different type, more critical and problem-centered. Within intensive service housing, for instance, fee policy is reformed. The main results include the observation that explicit deinstitutionalization discourse is in line with the national policy aims of putting home first, while implicit discourse deals with hidden or unexpected consequences. The article discusses future research in the conclusion.     

北京市专业技术人才兼职问题的调查研究

专业技术人才兼职有利于开发人才资源、促进人才资源整合,有利于盘活用人机制、发挥人才效益,有利于推进科研成果转化和促进经济社会发展。因此我们组织开展了北京市专业技术人才兼职问题的调查研究,目的是可以较准确地掌握兼职的现状,推动专业技术人才兼职健康有序的发展。     

Queer-friendly nation? The experience of Chinese gay immigrants in Canada

In the past decade, the People’s Republic of China has become the leading source country of immigrants to Canada. However, little is known about the experience of Chinese gay immigrants in Canada. Using narratives collected through a qualitative study, we show the way in which Chinese gay men construct their experience of immigration in Canada. Unlike the national discourse that claims Canada is a friendly nation for members of the LGBTTQ community, the experiences of Chinese gay immigration present a different story. As racialised gay men, they continue to be subjected to social violence in Canada – albeit differently from what they experienced in China. The analysis demonstrates the complexity of social marginalisation experienced by these men, the understanding of which is essential for social workers to engage in practice with them that is socially transformative.     

Coproduction and the third sector in France: Governmental traditions and the French conceptualization of participation

Research on coproduction has tended to assume a coherence of conceptualizations of coproduction across borders, and little analysis of the framing and discourse of coproduction in different contexts has been undertaken. In the French language literature on citizen participation and the social and solidarity economy, the term coproduction is little used. This paper investigates the narratives of French academics, public, and third sector actors in order to identify what, if anything, is different about the French context that explains this gap. Drawing on semistructured interviews, I identify four key narratives that distinguish the French conceptualizations of coproduction and the third sector from the dominant English language coproduction literature: (a) a mainstreaming of coproduction as part of organizational purpose in the social and solidarity economy, (b) an emphasis on formalized involvement of citizens in organizational governance, (c) the motivation of citizen empowerment and democracy over cost and efficiency, and (d) the use of the term coconstruction rather than coproduction. I argue that these narratives are shaped by the governmental traditions of France, which emphasize formal rules, hierarchy, representative democracy, and a suspicion of particularistic interests. I conclude by questioning the universality of some of the axioms of coproduction theory in the English language literature.     

Theoretical Foundations for Digital Text Analysis

Much of social life now takes place online, and records of online social interactions are available for social science research in the form of massive digital text archives. But cultural social science has contributed little to the development of machine‐assisted text analysis methods. As a result few text analysis methods have been developed that link digital text data to theories about culture and discourse. This paper attempts to lay the groundwork for development of such methods by proposing metatheoretical and theoretical foundations suitable for machine‐assisted semantic text analysis. Metatheoretically I draw on the work of Elder‐Vass (2012), Kaidesoja (2013) and others to argue that digital text analysis methods ought to be (and in practice implicitly are) based on a realist constructionist ontology that treats discourses as ontologically real emergent social entities that have causal relationships with non‐discursive social and cognitive processes. Theoretically I follow Feldman (2006) and many others in arguing that language is fundamentally shaped by processes of embodied cognition. Researchers developing digital text analysis techniques must theoretically account for such processes if they wish to produce algorithms that can interpret texts in ways that supplement, and not only amplify, human interpretation. I critically survey contemporary text analysis methods that implicitly share these metatheoretical and theoretical positions and discuss some ways these can be further developed with newly available software.     

Racist attitudes,out‐groups and the Australian experience

Australia today is a culturally diverse nation with people from over 190 different countries claiming 300 different ancestries. But despite an official commitment to diversity, contemporary Australian society continues to experience tensions between multicultural policies and a legacy of Anglo privilege and cultural dominance. To assess this, the Challenging Racism Project conducted a national survey, commissioned by the Special Broadcasting Service, to gauge the nature and extent of racist attitudes and experience of racism across Australia during July–August 2015 and November 2015. Results show that sociodemographic characteristics show little contemporary relationship to racist attitudes. Age, once associated with “old” racist attitudes, is no longer significant. On the other hand, Anglo privilege is empirically linked to racism through notions of social dominance. We conclude that it is to the media, and to public discourse generally, to which future research attention, using critical discourse analysis, should turn in efforts to make Australia a fairer, more tolerant, multicultural society.