风险视角下银行产品创新绩效评价模型

分析商业银行产品创新绩效水平对推动银行创新发展,提升竞争力尤为重要。考虑到商业银行产品创新过程中存在的风险,将信用风险作为非期望产出,纳入银行产品创新绩效评价体系,根据创新收入与风险之间是否存在同步关系,分别对非期望产出采用弱可处置性和强可处置性设置,构建基于数据包络分析模型（DEA）的固定相关模型（FCM）和变动相关模型（VCM）,用于商业银行产品创新绩效评价。此外,通过构建目标函数的产出优化模型,对FCM和VCM模型下的商业银行产品创新的目标收入进行估计。通过对两种模型下商业银行产品创新目标收入增加值进行分解,对银行风险管理水平进行讨论。最后,将提出的改进的DEA分析框架应用于中国上市商业银行进行案例分析,验证了模型构建的可行性,为商业银行产品创新绩效及相关问题提供模型参考。     

Efficiency measures of the Chinese commercial banking system using an additive two-stage DEA

Measuring and improving the efficiency of the Chinese commercial banking system has recently attracted increasing interest. Few studies, however, have adopted the two-stage network DEA to explore this issue in the Chinese context. Because the entire operational process of the banking system could be divided into two sub-processes (deposit producing and profit earning), the evaluation of the sub-process efficiencies could be used to assist in identifying the sources of the inefficiency of the entire banking system. In this study, we utilize the network DEA approach to disaggregate, evaluate and test the efficiencies of 16 major Chinese commercial banks during the third round of the Chinese banking reform period (2003–2011) with the variable returns to scale setting and the consideration of undesirable/bad output. The main findings of this study are as follows: (i) the two-stage DEA model is more effective than the conventional black box DEA model in identifying the inefficiency of banking system, and the inefficiency of the Chinese banking system primarily results from the inefficiency of its deposit producing sub-process; (ii) the overall efficiency of the Chinese banking system improves over the study period because of the reform; (iii) the state-owned commercial banks (SOBs) appear to be more overall efficient than the joint-stock commercial banks (JSBs) only in the pre-reform period, and the efficiency difference between the SOBs and the JSBs is reduced over the post-reform period; (iv) the disposal of non-performing loans (NPLs) from the Chinese banking system in general explains its efficiency improvement, and the joint-equity reform of the SOBs specifically increases their efficiencies.     

国有商业银行与股份制商业银行顾客忠诚意向驱动因素比较研究

为对国有商业银行和股份制商业顾客忠诚意向驱动因素进行对比研究,本文将银行类型作为调节变量引入模型。Logit Moderated回归模型结果显示,国有商业银行和股份制商业银行顾客忠诚意向的差异,主要来源于顾客对两者价值资产和关系资产的感知显著不同,而顾客感知两者品牌资产的差异在统计上不显著。在其它变量水平相同的情况下,国有商业银行比股份制商业银行为顾客提供的价值高,但股份制商业银行比国有商业银行与顾客的关系更紧密。该结论从统计上论证了国有商业银行和股份制商业银行各自维持顾客忠诚的特点,同时也为银行未来优化营销经费配置提供了理论依据。     

“三重底线”下中国商业银行经营效率及其影响因素分析

银行业在我国经济中扮演着重要的角色。在现今可持续发展理念的倡导下，单一维度的银行效率评价已经难以适应时代的需要。为此，本文基于"三重底线"视角分别构建了中国商业银行经济、社会与环境效率指标，通过SBM-DEA模型对中国商业银行的"三重效率"进行了测算分析，并运用SBM-Pearson分析法初步揭示了中国商业银行三重效率间的关系，之后再利用SBM-SUR计量模型对影响中国商业银行三重效率的因素作了进一步的探究。研究结果表明：（1）中国商业银行中股份制商业银行与城市商业银行在经济效率、社会效率上表现突出，而国有商业银行表现不佳。但是在环境效率方面，国有商业银行后来居上表现强劲。（2）中国商业银行间三重效率并不存在相互冲突，社会效率、环境效率与经济效率之间有着显著的正相关关系，但是并没有发现社会效率与环境效率之间存在显著的联系。（3）在经济效率方面，资产规模、运营年限、银行类型以及资产回报率均对其有着显著的正向影响；不同的银行类型对社会效率有着不同程度的显著影响；在环境效率方面，资产规模与银行类型也对其影响显著。     

Risk-based decompositions of the meta profit efficiency of Taiwanese and Chinese banks

This study measures the profit efficiencies of Taiwanese and Chinese banks with the assumption that both types could operate under the metafrontier. To consider the risk consideration of banks, we include equity capital as a quasi-fixed input and develop the risk-based measures of the meta Nerlovian profit efficiency. We further decompose meta profit efficiency and gap into technology and allocative efficiencies and gaps. We use 34 Taiwanese banks and 70 Chinese banks in 2011 to empirically measure profit efficiency and its decompositions. Empirical results show that the Chinese state-owned banks perform the best in meta profit efficiency, followed by Chinese joint-equity banks and Taiwanese state-owned banks. These three types of banks are performing better than the other types of banks in Taiwan and China. We also find that Taiwanese private banks perform better in profit and technical efficiencies versus Chinese city banks.     

基于分块极大值模型的商业银行操作风险计量研究

尽管高级计量法由于具有计算精确和节约监管资本等优点而被多数商业银行所青睐,但对于采用哪一种方法来刻画低频高危的操作风险尾部数据却没有一致认识。本文根据巴塞尔委员会关于操作风险计量的原则,采用分块极大值方法和概率加权矩参数估计法,对中国商业银行1990—2009年间的操作风险数据进行了实证。从图形检验和数值检验结果来看,该模型估计的参数具有较高的拟合优度,能够较好地拟合操作风险极端值的尾部分布,为商业银行计量操作风险资本提供了较高的参考价值。     

两阶段DEA前沿面投影问题研究——兼对我国上市银行运营绩效进行评价

DEA方法,即数据包络分析方法,是一种用于评价决策单元(Decision Making Units,DMUs)相对有效性的实证方法。近年来DEA方法已经广泛的应用于各行各业的绩效评价中,并发展出两阶段DEA方法。两阶段DEA方法相对于传统DEA方法的优势在于,它不但可以提供被评价对象的总体效率值,还可以分别生成每一阶段的效率值。但正是由于中间要素的存在,按照传统的DEA方法来调整两阶段DEA投入、产出要素的优化过程已不能成功投影在有效前沿面上。本文基于两阶段DEA方法,通过加入"虚拟中间要素"在两阶段DEA中嵌入一个"虚拟阶段",这样不但完善了两阶段DEA的逻辑结构,而且成功的将被评价单元投影到有效前沿面。最后本文应用以上方法对我国上市银行的运营绩效进行了实证分析。实证结果令我们意外的是,国有商业银行运营绩效优于股份制银行。     

基于参数法的中国商业银行规模经济研究与实证

本文依据参数法理论,在平均超越对数成本函数的基础上,应用相似非相关法(ISUR)评价了中国商业银行的规模经济情况,并与随即前沿法计算的银行规模经济结果做比较,验证了使用平均成本函数评价银行规模经济优于前沿成本函数的论断,确立了商业银行规模经济研究中的函数类型选取原则。本文融合了中介法和资产法的思想,建立了包括可贷资金、营业资本两项投入和存款、贷款、投资与证券总额三项产出的指标体系,解决了中介法难以反应银行多产出经营情况和资产法不能反应银行存款情况等两个问题。在确定的超越对数成本函数模型和投入产出指标体系基础上,本文结合真实的银行财务数据,实证研究了中国4家国有商业银行和10家股份制商业银行在1998-2003年的规模经济,揭示了两类商业银行的规模经济情况和变化趋势。实证研究结果显示:在样本年度间,中国商业银行改善规模经济情况的努力已见成效,各商业银行于2001年后均存在了规模经济;股份制商业银行规模经济平均水平高于国有商业银行;国有商业银行的规模经济状况呈现逐渐好转趋势;股份制商业银行规模经济控制良好,在2002年后规模经济情况出现了轻微的起伏,但仍好于国有商业银行。     

Multi-period efficiency measurement in data envelopment analysis: The case of Taiwanese commercial banks

In measuring the overall efficiency of a set of decision making units (DMUs) in a time span covering multiple periods, the conventional approach is to use the aggregate data of the multiple periods via a data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique, ignoring the specific situation of each period. This paper proposes using a relational network model to take the operations of individual periods into account in measuring efficiencies. The overall and period efficiencies of a DMU can be calculated at the same time. Notably, the overall efficiency is a weighted average of the period efficiencies, and the weights are the most favorable ones for the DMU being evaluated. This model, together with two existing ones, is applied to measure the efficiency of 22 Taiwanese commercial banks for the period of 2009–2011. The three-year multi-period analysis shows that the proposed model is more discriminative than the existing ones in ranking the performance of the banks. The period efficiencies for the three years increased steadily, indicating that the performances of the Taiwanese banks examined in this work were improving over this period.     

关于产权、市场与我国银行业市场绩效关系的分析

通过实证分析1996-2002年间银行生产效率和市场结构变化对我国商业银行业市场绩效的效应,发现资产份额和资本份额的变化都对我国银行业市场绩效有正的效应;尽管国有银行生产效率提高对我国银行业市场绩效有正的效应,但国有银行生产效率提高的主要原因是政府的救助。基于实证分析,本文关于产权、市场与银行业绩效关系的讨论表明:银行业市场结构的渐进式变化诱致国有银行的产权改革且约束股权分散程度,国有银行的产权改革又促进银行业市场竞争,交互关系不断深化两种结构的调整,将使银行业的市场绩效得到提高。     

存在非期望产出的决策单元阻塞问题研究

阻塞是指企业的过量投入引起生产效益下降的经济现象,近年来已经受到实业界与学术界的广泛关注。现有的决策单元阻塞问题研究普遍假设产出均是期望指标,然而,在实际生产中很多产出属于非期望指标。本文构建了同时存在期望产出和非期望产出决策单元的阻塞度量模型,该模型不仅可以判别决策单元是否存在阻塞,而且可以测算各项投入的阻塞程度,并给出了决策单元阻塞和技术无效之间的关系。最后,运用所提出的模型对我国上市商业银行的效率和阻塞情况进行了测算与分析,验证了本文模型的实用性与可行性。     

银行贷款、商业信用融资及我国上市公司的公司治理

本文讨论了银行贷款以及商业信用融资对我国上市公司公司治理的影响.通过对1995到2000年间上市公司CEO更换的研究,我们得到两个结论:第一,在经营业绩为负的公司中,银行贷款与强制性CEO更换存在负向关系,而商业信用融资与强制性CEO更换存在正向关系;第二,在盈利能力一般的公司中,商业信用融资与强制性CEO更换仍为正向关系,但银行贷款与强制性CEO更换却不存在明显的关系.以上结果表明,商业信用融资在CEO强制性更换中起到了积极的作用,改善了上市公司的公司治理,而银行贷款却没有起到相应的作用,甚至有负面的作用.     

Total factor productivity and shareholder returns in banking

This paper examines shareholder value drivers in European banking focusing on the efficiency and productivity features of individual banks. In particular, we analyse the value relevance of bank cost efficiency and total factor productivity (TFP) (in all its components, including technological change, pure technical efficiency change and scale efficiency change) to see how these influence shareholder value creation in European banking. The paper focuses on the French, German, Italian and U.K. banking systems over the period 1995–2002 and includes both listed and non-listed banks. We find that TFP changes best explain variations in shareholder value (measured by market-adjusted returns, MAR, for listed banks and by the ratio of EVA_bkg to invested capital at time t−1 for non-listed banks). In both samples, we also find that technological change seems to be the most important component of TFP influencing shareholder value creation in European banking.     

The effect of mergers and acquisitions on productivity: An empirical application to Spanish banking

Mergers and acquisitions are frequently justified in terms of value creation or efficiency improvements. Nevertheless, the evidence is not consistent with the existence of benefits in terms of the costs, productivity, profitability or market value of the firms involved. A distinguishing feature of extant research is that it focuses on the assessment of the consequences of mergers around the time in which the operation takes place, limiting the possibility of observing a complete integration between the merged firms. In this context, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the effects of mergers and acquisitions on the long-run productivity of Spanish savings banks. Our results show that productivity improvements can be found in only half of the mergers that take place during the period analyzed.     

基于两阶段交叉效率模型的中国商业银行效率评价

为了更好的评价我国商业银行的效率,在传统两阶段DEA模型中引入交叉效率,并对两阶段生产系统的内部结构进行优化,构建了考虑共享投入和非期望产出的两阶段交叉效率模型。最后结合中国16家商业银行2006-2015年的年度报表,分别应用传统的两阶段DEA模型和新模型评价样本银行的效率。结果表明：新模型比传统模型更客观、区分力更强,具有更强的稳定性,更适合用于评价我国商业银行的效率。     

随机环境下的多投入多产出生产前沿面估计

传统的DEA模型假设观测样本的投入产出都是确定型数据, 这使得DEA在实际应用中受到限制, 本文提出的基于拟似然估计的多投入多产出随机非参数包络数据 (PLE-StoNED) 方法拓展了这个假设, 能够估计随机环境下的生产前沿面.本文证明, 生产可能集假设条件下的前沿面可以用一个有凹凸性和单调性限制的函数来表示.相较之前的StoNED方法, 本文提出的方法可以估计随机环境下多投入多产出决策单元 (DMU) 的前沿面.通过Monte Carlo实验, 多投入多产出PLE-StoNED方法的有效性得到验证, 它可纠正DEA等传统方法产生的偏误.最后, 实证研究部分运用这一新提出的方法估计了中国大陆商业银行的生产前沿面和效率.本文提出的方法弥补了DEA缺乏统计性的不足, 可为决策者在随机环境下对多投入多产出决策单元进行生产力和效率评估提供决策参考.     

An illustration of dynamic network DEA in commercial banking including robustness tests

The main motivation of this article is to illustrate dynamic network data envelopment analysis (DN-DEA) in commercial banking with emphasis on testing robustness. To this end, sixteen foreign banks in China are benchmarked against thirty-two domestic banks for the post-2007 period that follows major reforms. When network and dynamic dimensions are brought together, a more comprehensive analysis of the period 2008–2010 is enabled where divisional and between-period interactions are reflected in efficiency estimates. Weighted, variable returns-to-scale, non-oriented dynamic network slacks-based measure is used within the framework of the intermediation approach to bank behavior. A bank network (i.e., a decision-making unit, DMU) is conceptualized as comprised of two divisions or sub-DMUs, namely, interest-bearing operations and non-interest operations linked by number of referrals. Undesirable outputs from sub-DMUs 1 and 2 (non-performing loans, and proportion of fruitless referrals, respectively) are treated as carry-overs that impact the efficiency of the following periods. Under robustness testing, the illustrative application discusses discrimination by efficiency estimates, dimensionality of the performance model, stability of estimates through re-sampling (leave-one-out method), and sensitivity of results to divisional weights and returns-to-scale assumptions. The results based on Chinese commercial banks are illustrative in nature because of simulated data used on two of the variables.     

影响我国银行业效率因素的实证研究

运用DEA模型测算了商业银行技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率,并进行了多元回归分析,得出影响我国银行业效率(1993年～1998年)的主要因素银行资产质量、人力资本、经营管理能力、产权结构、市场竞争程度等。     

Women on boards and bank efficiency in ASEAN-5: the moderating role of the independent directors

Corporate governance codes around the world promote women’s presence in corporate board. The extant literature suggests women directors contribute to improve monitoring and advisory role of the board. This study aims to examine the role of independent women directors in improving banks’ efficiency. Using 102 commercial banks from ASEAN-5 countries for a period of 1999–2012, we run generalized method of moments models to test the relationship between the variables. Our results show that banks with independent women directors on board contribute significantly to the bank’s efficiency level. Contrary to the literature, we found that the appointment of women directors or independent directors alone does not significantly enhance banks’ efficiency. The result suggests that women directors are more effective on boards if they are also appointed as independent directors. This finding implies that a combination of corporate governance mechanism is more powerful than relying on a single element of corporate governance.     

Do political connections affect bank leverage? Evidence from some Middle Eastern and North African countries

This study examines the association between political patronage and bank financing decisions in a sample of 34 commercial banks operating in the Middle East and North Africa for the period 2003–2014. We collected information manually about the profiles and biographies of individuals on the boards of banks to identify which banks had political connections, which is the novel contribution of the study. Linear and nonlinear panel data analysis was used to investigate this relationship. The results reveal that politically backed banks tend to be more leveraged. The indirect effect of political patronage on leverage was not found to be large, but was significant through its interaction with profitability; that is, politically backed banks with higher profitability are positively associated with leverage. Our findings imply that the privileges resulting from political ties make banks more profitable, and that this also leads to higher leverage. In line with the related literature, we found that a strong political presence on the boards of banks can be considered an important intangible asset, and one of the factors driving bank financing decisions.