THE IMPACT OF PRODUCT RECOVERY ON LOGISTICS NETWORK DESIGN

Efficient implementation of closed‐loop supply chains requires setting up appropriate logistics structures for the arising flows of used and recovered products. In this paper we consider logistics network design in a reverse logistics context. We present a generic facility location model and discuss differences with traditional logistics settings. Moreover, we use our model to analyze the impact of product return flows on logistics networks. We show that the influence of product recovery is very much context dependent. While product recovery may efficiently be integrated in existing logistics structures in many cases, other examples require a more comprehensive approach redesigning a company's logistics network in an integral way.     

Strategic Grading in the Product Acquisition Process of a Reverse Supply Chain

Most recommerce providers have moved to a quality‐dependent process for the acquisition of used products. They acquire the products via websites at which product holders submit upfront quality statements and receive quality‐dependent acquisition prices for their used devices. Motivated by this development of reverse logistics practice, the aim of this study is to analyze the product assessment process of a recommerce provider in detail. To this end, we first propose a sequential bargaining model with complete information which captures the individual behavior of the recommerce provider and the product holder. We determine the optimal strategies of the product holder and the recommerce provider in this game. We find that the resulting strategies lead to an efficient allocation, although the recommerce provider can absorb most of the bargaining potential due to his last mover advantage. In a second step, we relax the assumption of complete information and include uncertainty about the product holder's valuation of the product. We show the trade‐off underlying the recommerce provider's optimal counteroffer decision and analyze the optimal strategy, using a logistic regression approach on a real‐life dataset of nearly 6,000 product submissions. The results reveal a significant improvement potential, compared to the currently applied strategy.     

需求不确定下双渠道供应链产品质量控制研究

考虑到电商平台与实体门店两种渠道参与主体的质量决策对不同渠道产品质量水平的影响,进而引致两种渠道下供应链产品质量与价格的市场竞争。本文运用stackblerg博弈分析模型,研究由制造商、实体门店、电商平台与消费者组成的双渠道供应链产品质量控制问题。在考虑需求不确定性的基础上,构建双渠道下制造商、实体门店和电商平台收益分析模型,分析双渠道下制造商与实体门店的批发价格契约、制造商与电商平台之间收益共享契约两种策略对供应链产品质量控制水平的影响,通过运用最优化原理求解制造商、实体门店和电商平台物流配送的最优质量控制水平,并对结果进行仿真模拟。结果显示：制造商、实体门店和电商平台之间的契约对三方产品质量控制具有交互影响,电商平台物流配送质量水平与实体门店仓储质量水平呈同方向变化,而实体门店产品市场售格的提高则不利于电商平台加强物流配送质量水平,消费者对产品售格敏感性越高,制造商越注重产品质量提升。反之,消费者对仓储和物流配送质量水平敏感性提高,并不利于制造商加强产品质量控制。因此,通过大力发展物流配送服务业,提升产品物流配送质量控制水平,不仅有助于生产环节质量控制,同时也将促使实体门店加强产品仓储质量控制水平。     

An integrated closed-loop product lifecycle management approach for reverse logistics design

Nowadays, reverse logistics is gaining importance for many companies in different industries. This importance is rooted in the fact that it generates profit and decreases the environmental impacts of products. Even though the decrease of environmental impacts is an indispensable requisite, reverse logistics design is only driven by cost indicators. The main reason behind this high cost is access to environmental information is difficult and is directly linked to data all along the lifecycle of the product. This paper presents a method by which reverse logistics design integrates environmental impacts based on the management of closed-loop product lifecycle. This method is divided into two processes: from beginning of life to end of life and from end of life to beginning of life. The first process integrates product data in order to calculate environmental impacts of the potential reverse logistics networks, whereas the second process selects the most appropriate reverse logistics network before optimising the product based on this particular network. The proposition is illustrated by a case study on a recycled aluminium automotive part.     

A goal programming model for paper recycling system

The conflict between economic optimization and environmental protection has received wide attention in recent research programs for waste management system planning. This has also resulted in a set of new waste management goals in reverse logistics system planning. The purpose of this analysis is to formulate a mixed integer goal programming (MIGP) model to assist in proper management of the paper recycling logistics system. The model studies the inter-relationship between multiple objectives (with changing priorities) of a recycled paper distribution network. The objectives considered are reduction in reverse logistics cost; product quality improvement through increased segregation at the source; and environmental benefits through increased wastepaper recovery. The proposed model also assists in determining the facility location, route and flow of different varieties of recyclable wastepaper in the multi-item, multi-echelon and multi-facility decision making framework. The use of the model has been illustrated through a problem of paper recycling in India.     

废弃物回收的多层逆向物流网络优化设计问题研究

废弃物逆向物流网络设计问题是一个关系到经济效益和社会效益的问题.本文研究了废弃物逆向物流网络设计问题,包括选择中转站和处理站的地址,确定将产生点的废弃物分配给中转站以及从中转站运送到处理站的最佳策略,确定处理站的容量.考虑了在满足公众的意愿的情况下,建立了一个多目标的纯整数规划模型,最小化总的建设费用和设施对公众产生的负效用.设计了基于启发式的两阶段分解算法求解,从而构建一个废弃物回收的多层逆向物流网络.最后的算例仿真表明了算法的有效性和可行性.     

价格敏感型供应链网络规划模型及其混合遗传算法

针对价格敏感型供应链中,供应价格与批量之间通常具有非线性的函数关系,建立了采购、需求和物流服务环节均具有价格敏感性的多供应商、多配送中心和多零售商的供应链网络规划整数非线性规划INLP模型,设计解决此NP-hard问题的混合遗传算法,以启发式算法修复进化过程中出现的非法染色体,提高算法寻优速度,通过算例及与SAS/OR模块运行结果的比较,验证该算法具有很强的稳定性和高效性。     

以旧换新收购方式下的逆向物流网络优化设计

为提高企业回收积极性,构建了一个以以旧换新为收购方式的新的逆向物流网络优化设计的混合整数非线性规划(mixed-integer nonlinear programming,MINLP)模型,以确定最优选址(位置和数量)和折扣价格,使回收中心净利润最大。提出了启发式算法来解决大规模选址问题,并利用算例验证了模型和算法的有效性和可行性。最后分别算例分析了企业的品牌差异和采用两种策略(单一折扣价格策略和质量依赖折扣价格策略)对回收中心净利润的影响。     

冷链物流采购第一评分密封招投标研究

针对食品冷冻、冷藏的冷链物流是一种特殊物流,食品安全和品质是其首要目标,同时还要考虑到及时性、运营成本等属性,所以冷链物流采购要考虑的是一个多目标问题.为采用招投标制度构建高效现代的物流采购市场,设计专门的招投标规则来对相应的物流供应商进行遴选有着非常的必要性.本文将多目标置于采购方的评分函数中,通过设计第一评分密封招投标规则来突破只对价格的考虑,对推动冷链流的高效采购和行业发展具有现实意义.     

逆向物流系统结构研究的现状及展望

随着环保意识的增强,废旧物品的回收再利用越来越受到广泛关注,逆向物流系统的研究也受到学者的重视。本文从研究的问题和方法两个方面较全面地总结了逆向物流系统结构的研究成果,重点讨论了逆向物流系统的结构特征、设计原则及设施的选址定位问题,并指出了进一步的研究方向。     

Optimal Price and Quantity of Refurbished Products

Many retail product returns can be refurbished and resold, typically at a reduced price. The price set for the refurbished products affects the demands for both new and refurbished products, while the refurbishment and resale activities incur costs. To maximize profit, a manufacturer in a competitive market must carefully choose the proportion of returned products to refurbish and their sale price. We model the sale, return, refurbishment, and resale processes in an open queueing network and formulate a mathematical program to find the optimal price and proportion to refurbish. Examination of the optimality conditions reveals the different situations in which it is optimal to refurbish none, some, or all of the returned products. Refurbishing operations may increase profit or may be required to relieve a manufacturing capacity bottleneck. A numerical study identifies characteristics of the new product market and refurbished products that encourage refurbishing and some situations in which small changes in the refurbishing cost and quality provoke large changes in the optimal policy.     

Offshore Remanufacturing with Variable Used Product Condition

We consider the acquisition and production decisions of a remanufacturer who acquires used products of variable condition and allocates remanufacturing activity to domestic and offshore facilities. The problem is formulated as a multicommodity network flow model with economies of scale and product obsolescence. We show that the remanufacturer's optimal strategy can be chosen from a finite set of simple policies in which each product is routed to a facility based on its condition. We then numerically investigate the impact of key parameters on optimal decisions regarding offshore remanufacturing.     

Eliciting and valuing market preferences with traditional food crops: the case of chickpea in India

During the past decade the Indian chickpea industry underwent a dramatic structural shift following the implementation of market-oriented policies by the Government of India. This paper examines consumer attitudes to quality characteristics of chickpea in India. A linear hedonic price model is estimated using auction price and quality data of chickpea samples obtained from major markets in India. Empirical results indicate that specific physical quality characteristics and purity standards are important factors influencing the price of chickpea in India. Thus, there may be an incentive for domestic producers and sellers of chickpea—and exporting countries—to improve the quality of their product, if improvements in specific physical characteristics and purity can be obtained cost effectively. As trade prospects grow for regionally important food crops like chickpea and other pulses, it is essential that food managers, commodity exporters, and crop breeders have access to critical market information in order to assess the relative economic importance of preferred quality traits and plan their strategies accordingly.     

Effects of Random Yield in Remanufacturing with Price‐Sensitive Supply and Demand

In this study, we investigate the effects of recovery yield rate on pricing decisions in reverse supply chains. Motivated by the automotive parts remanufacturing industry, we consider an end‐of‐life product from which a particular part can be recovered and remanufactured for reuse, and the remainder of the product can be recycled for material recovery. Both the supply of end‐of‐life products and demand for remanufactured parts are price‐sensitive. Yield of the recovery process is random and depends on the acquisition price offered for the end‐of‐life products. In this setting, we develop models to determine the optimal acquisition price for the end‐of‐life products and the selling price for remanufactured parts. We also analyze the effects of yield variation to the profitability of remanufacturing, benefits of delaying pricing decisions until after yield realization, and value of perfect yield rate information.     

考虑服务流的产品服务供应链网络均衡模型

产品服务供应链在向客户制造高质量产品的同时，也提供了产品全生命周期的专业服务，服务的嵌入增加了供应链协调的复杂性。考虑产品服务的双重需求，在分析各主体的运作行为的基础上，构建了包括多个制造商和多个销售商的多主体供应链网络；运用变分不等式刻画了制造商层、销售服务集成商层和需求市场的最优运作行为及其达成均衡的条件；最后，通过修正投影算法对数值算例进行了仿真。研究结果表明：产品服务供应链网络中的产品与服务均衡流相互影响，其中，服务水平直接影响到了产品需求；降低产品的售价将有利于服务价格和效益的提升。研究结论进一步印证了在产品服务供应链网络中承载于产品的服务将逐渐成为价值创造的主体。     

多再制造商回收定价竞争博弈

多个再制造商在同一回收市场中获取废旧产品并进行再制造,他们之间存在回收竞争.每个再制造商回收废旧产品的数量取决于自身付出的回收价格,同时和对手们的回收价格相关.目标是最大化各自的期望利润.本文首先利用优化理论和非合作博弈理论,证明了该博弈作为超模博弈,存在唯一的Nash均衡.然后通过比较发现竞争下的Nash均衡价格高于串谋下的合作均衡价格.最后通过数值仿真探讨了再制造商的数目和再制造成本对博弈的影响.     

产品质量设计与供应链渠道优化——基于策略消费者行为的视角

策略消费者持币观望的行为对零售商和生产商的盈利都会产品负面影响，本文在二级供应链中同时考虑策略消费者的行为和产品质量设计，研究批发价格契约下策略消费者行为对供应链不同渠道利润的影响。分析表明，当生产商决定产品质量时，分散供应链下的产品质量与供应链上下游的议价能力相关，生产商议价能力越强，产品质量越高；当生产商完全掌握确定产品质量和批发价格的权利时，策略消费者的行为加剧了生产商和零售商之间利润分配的不公平，生产商能获得更大比例的利润；面对策略消费者时，厂商承诺产品数量有限能够实现比集中供应链下更高的利润，存在合适的产品质量和批发价格，使得分散供应链能实现数量承诺下的最优利润，并实现提升质量和增加供应链整体利润的双赢。     

A characterisation of logistics networks for product recovery

Recovery of used products is receiving much attention recently due to growing environmental concern. Efficient implementation requires appropriate logistics structures to be set up for the arising goods flow from users to producers. We investigate the design of such logistics networks. As a basis for our analysis we review recent case studies on logistics network design for product recovery in different industries. We identify general characteristics of product recovery networks and compare them with traditional logistics structures. Moreover, we derive a classification scheme for different types of recovery networks.     

基于预期网络规模的双寡头质量竞争

考虑一种具有网络效应特征的产品,本文研究当产品预期网络规模主要受质量影响时,双寡头企业如何进行质量竞争。本文建立了一个两阶段博弈模型的方法分析了这种问题。结果表明,市场领导者获得大于其预期网络规模的市场份额,而市场跟随者获得小于其预期网络规模的市场份额。对于弱网络效应产品,随着网络效应的增强, 两企业的产品质量分化加剧,价格及利润差异随之扩大。当网络效应的强度足够低时,市场跟随者利用后发优势得到较大利润。而对于强网络效应产品,市场领导者利用先发优势得到更大利润。     

基于扩展Hotelling模型的企业竞争策略研究

通过将纵向差异引入到二次函数运输成本下的Hotelling模型中,研究具有不同质量、网络外部性、兼容性和转移成本的2个垄断厂商的竞争策略.首先,进行选址;然后,进行价格竞争的完全信息动态博弈,得到产品具有横向差异和纵向差异的2个垄断厂商市场竞争的均衡策略,推广了Hotelling模型的结论;最后,在选择横向差异最大化的情况下,分析了一般市场竞争策略,在无纵向差异条件下分别讨论了不同网络效用系数、兼容性和转移成本对市场竞争策略的影响.