公司治理视角下的多元化经营与公司绩效

以中国沪、深两市上市公司为研究对象,实证分析中国上市公司内、外部治理机制与多元化经营和价值效应之间的关系.结果表明,董事会特别是公司董事长和总经理两职合一以及独立董事比例是影响公司多元化经营决策的重要内部治理机制变量,外部治理机制对公司的多元化经营决策没有显著影响;多元化经营会导致价值溢价,但这种溢价不显著;内部治理机制中的资产负债率、外部治理机制中的审计意见和产品市场竞争程度是影响多元化经营公司业绩的重要因素,第一大股东的实际控制人身份、审计意见和产品市场竞争程度会显著影响专业化经营公司的经营业绩.     

董事会特征、高管薪酬与薪绩敏感性--中国上市公司的经验分析

以引入独立董事制度的 2001 年为数据来源的窗口期,实证研究我国上市公司董事会治理结构改革对高管薪酬水平及薪绩敏感性的影响.结果表明,独立董事在董事会中的比例、薪酬委员会设置以及董事长与总经理二职兼任对高管薪酬水平有显著正影响.进一步的分析还发现,独立董事制度建设与董事长总经理二职兼任均显著提高了薪绩敏感性,薪酬委员会的设置对薪绩敏感性也有一定的影响.通过一系列公司治理改革可以有效抑制行为人的机会主义倾向,提高上市公司高管薪绩敏感性.     

企业生命周期、公司治理与公司资本配置效率

现有关于公司治理机制对公司非效率资本配置治理效果的检验大多局限于静态层面,本研究通过构建企业生命周期划分指标,从企业发展进程的动态层面考察我国上市公司资本配置效率的动态演变,并检验公司治理机制在企业不同生命周期中的治理效果.结果表明,我国上市公司过度投资随企业生命周期呈先降后升的趋势变化,且不同阶段差异显著,但投资不足在企业生命周期内几乎不发生变化.公司治理机制对公司资本配置效率的治理效果随企业生命周期发生演变.在过度投资组,董事长与总经理两职合一在成长阶段显著抑制过度投资;大股东持股在衰退阶段加剧过度投资.在投资不足组,管理层持股能够降低公司投资不足;成长阶段中董事长与总经理两职合一、成熟阶段中的独立董事反而加剧投资不足.     

中国上市公司董事会结构分析

本文结合公司财务理论,研究了中国上市公司股权结构对董事会结构的影响。本文着重于董事会对经理层的监督和对大股东的擎制这两项基本功能。文中结果显示:股权集中程度降低独立董事比例,在一定程度上却又抑制总经理、董事长两职合一。民营企业的独立董事比例较高,两职合一情况则较多。本文还显示,不同性质股权的比重对公司治理的影响是非线性的。国有股对独立董事比例有负面作用,但当国有股比例特别大时其作用则不明显。国有股对两职合一有推动作用,尤其是在国有股比例特别大时。社会法人股对独立董事有负面作用,而当社会法人股比例特别大时,社会法人股又能在一定程度上阻止两职合一。本文的发现说明了一个有趣的但又被人忽略的现象:股权集中与否和股权性质对公司治理的影响并不是非此即彼的,照搬西方现有理论,简单的分散股权或实现国有股的全部退出未必一定能在所有方面改善公司治理。     

四川省上市公司经营绩效与领导权结构的实证研究——基于2007年上市公司数据

公司领导权结构反映董事会与经理层关系的重要制度安排。在现有研究框架的基础上,对四川省上市公司的公司领导权结构与公司绩效关系的经验分析表明:内部董事比例对公司绩效的影响不显著,法人董事比例和专家董事比例与公司绩效呈正相关关系,董事长与总经理两职合一否对公司的绩效影响不显著。     

总经理年度报酬决定因素的实证分析--以我国上市公司为例

本文试图通过在综合模型中同时考察可能影响我国上市公司总经理年度报酬的不同变量,从而全面地描绘出我国上市公司总经理年度报酬决定的现状。研究结果表明,公司规模、绩效、内部所有权、独立董事比例、多元化、总经理年龄与报酬之间存在正相关关系,而国有股、无形资产比例、公司风险、两职兼任、年龄的平方与报酬之间存在负相关关系;其中对报酬具有显著影响的变量为公司规模、国有股比例、无形资产比例和绩效。此外,本文还发现,统计上的影响点是造成报酬实证研究出现矛盾结果的部分原因。     

管理者代理行为、公司过度投资与公司治理——基于企业生命周期视角的实证研究

通过建立企业生命周期新的划分指标,从企业发展的动态层面研究管理者代理行为与公司过度投资之间关系随企业生命周期的演变,并检验公司治理机制随企业生命周期的治理效果。结果表明,我国上市公司管理者代理行为随企业生命周期动态变化,其对公司过度投资的影响随企业生命周期发展不断减弱。不同公司治理机制的治理效果随企业生命周期也发生变化,其中董事长总经理兼任在成长阶段能够有效抑制公司过度投资,而独立董事在成熟阶段及大股东在衰退阶段均显著没有发挥应有的监督作用。成长阶段中的公司监事会能够对代理行为引致的过度投资起到显著的监督作用,而董事长总经理兼任则显著加剧代理行为引致的过度投资,成长阶段中管理层持股、成熟阶段中独立董事与外部机构持股以及衰退阶段中大股东均显著没有起到应有的治理作用。     

公司治理与内部控制的对接研究

完善公司的内部控制,必须从建立健全公司治理出发完善内部控制环境,减少不合理的治理结构对内部控制制度发挥作用的影响,加强董事会的独立性,提高外部独立董事的比重,降低委托代理成本,在完善公司治理的同时,健全内部控制制度,以提高公司内部经营管理效率,加强权责分配、内部审计制度和全面预算管理,以促进公司治理和内部控制目标的共同实现。     

公司治理、审计风险与审计定价——基于CCGINK的经验证据

本文采用南开大学公司治理研究中心发表在2004年<管理世界>第二期的论文中公布的2002年度"中国上市公司治理100佳"的公司治理指数作为公司治理质量的替代变量,以"100佳"中的55家2001年至2004年的数据作为研究对象,采用多元回归方法,分析公司治理指数、审计风险、审计师规模与审计定价的关系.结果发现,公司治理指数越高,审计定价越低;随着公司治理指数提高.国际四大和本土五大明显降低了审计定价,而本土次五大的审计定价却没有明显下降,说明审计定价受到公司治理风险影响,国际四大及本土五大对源于公司内部治理的风险更加敏感.原因可能是大型事务所运用了风险导向审计模式,在争取到优质客户后,采取了合理的风险定价策略,以保持优质客户.上述发现对大型审计师获得审计收费声誉溢价的观点做了局部修正.     

经理任期风险和公司治理的实证分析

对公司经理任期的约束应该是公司治理的一个重要方面.本文通过多元线性回归和生存分析的方法检验了内外部治理因素对经理职位变动的影响.这两种方法得出的结果大同小异,相互补充.从结果可以看出,董事长和总经理因为同样处于代理人的位置,所以他们的任期风险影响因素中有几个是共同的:市场业绩、年龄、学历、股权变更.市场业绩的影响作用和理论相反.由于董事长和总经理存在权力的分别,所以领导独立性、内部监事比例和企业规模三个变量对两个职位任期风险的影响作用不同.另外,在检验的变量中,企业的利润率和国有股权比例都没有对经理任期风险产生显著影响,说明经理任期风险并不受企业会计业绩和企业股权性质的影响.     

Comments on globalization, interdisciplinary research, myopia and parochialism, government, convergence, and culture

Globalization presents social scientists with a wide variety of issues and challenges that cut across disciplinary boundaries. Disciplinary boundaries encourage specialization and advances in understanding aspects of social behavior, but specialization also creates barriers to more comprehensive understanding of social behavior such as globalization. Successful interdisciplinary efforts entail gains from trade across disciplinary specializations. The papers in this volume help outline an agenda for interdisciplinary investigation of globalization to knock down disciplinary boundaries and encourage gains from trade that further our understanding of globalization. But much work remains before we see real fruits from such efforts.     

Complexity,simplicity, simplexity

“In the midst of order, there is chaos; but in the midst of chaos, there is order”, John Gribbin wrote in his book Deep Simplicity (p. 76). In this dialectical spirit, we discuss the generative tension between complexity and simplicity in the theory and practice of management and organization. Complexity theory suggests that the relationship between complex environments and complex organizations advanced by the well-known Ashby’s law, may be reconsidered: only simple organization provides enough space for individual agency to match environmental turbulence in the form of complex organizational responses. We suggest that complex organizing may be paradoxically facilitated by a simple infrastructure, and that the theory of organizations may be viewed as resulting from the dialectical interplay between simplicity and complexity.     

Flexibility, Hierarchy, Markets

The conclusion that organizations need to become more strategically flexible as a response to increasing environmental dynamism and uncertainty has been an important feature of recent contingency theories of organization design. In this literature organizations have been analysed from the perspective of the development of networks of organizations concentrating on their core competencies and contracting among themselves on a stable long-term basis. This model of inter-firm relationships provides an alternative mode of organizational structuring to that arising from vertical integration, which, by contrast, is seen as fostering strategic inflexibility. In the literature on corporate restructuring and changes in ownership form arising from the markets and hierarchies perspective, we see a similar emphasis on the dysfunctional consequences of large-scale bureaucratic organization. Changes in ownership form are seen as a major means of providing more effective managerial control. In this paper we argue that linking the literature on flexibility emanating from contingency theories of organizational design and the markets and hierarchies perspective provides important new insights into current and emerging forms of organization.     

GMM,GEL, Serial Correlation,and Asymptotic Bias

For stationary time series models with serial correlation, we consider generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators that use heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) positive definite weight matrices and generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) estimators based on smoothed moment conditions. Following the analysis of Newey and Smith (2004) for independent observations, we derive second order asymptotic biases of these estimators. The inspection of bias expressions reveals that the use of smoothed GEL, in contrast to GMM, removes the bias component associated with the correlation between the moment function and its derivative, while the bias component associated with third moments depends on the employed kernel function. We also analyze the case of no serial correlation, and find that the seemingly unnecessary smoothing and HAC estimation can reduce the bias for some of the estimators.     

Trust, confidence, procedural fairness, outcome fairness, moral conviction, and the acceptance of GM field experiments

In 2005, Swiss citizens endorsed a moratorium on gene technology, resulting in the prohibition of the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops and the growth of genetically modified animals until 2013. However, scientific research was not affected by this moratorium, and in 2008, GMO field experiments were conducted that allowed us to examine the factors that influence their acceptance by the public. In this study, trust and confidence items were analyzed using principal component analysis. The analysis revealed the following three factors: "economy/health and environment" (value similarity based trust), "trust and honesty of industry and scientists" (value similarity based trust), and "competence" (confidence). The results of a regression analysis showed that all the three factors significantly influenced the acceptance of GM field experiments. Furthermore, risk communication scholars have suggested that fairness also plays an important role in the acceptance of environmental hazards. We, therefore, included measures for outcome fairness and procedural fairness in our model. However, the impact of fairness may be moderated by moral conviction. That is, fairness may be significant for people for whom GMO is not an important issue, but not for people for whom GMO is an important issue. The regression analysis showed that, in addition to the trust and confidence factors, moral conviction, outcome fairness, and procedural fairness were significant predictors. The results suggest that the influence of procedural fairness is even stronger for persons having high moral convictions compared with persons having low moral convictions.     

Bacon, Boole, the EPA, and Scientific Standards

The scientific standards of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) include the use of retrospective meta-analysis. This analysis entails a use of the theory of probability that is only a simulation and cannot accurately measure the confidence that should be placed in the results. The uncertainty necessary for probability is, in a retrospective study, simulated rather than real. There are three logical forms for establishing a proposition. In the logic of the syllogism, a proposition is established by deduction from assumed propositions. In the logic of the physical sciences, a proposition is established by its ability to predict the outcomes of future experiments. In the logic of the courtroom, a proposition is established by its ability to explain past events. The logic of the courtroom operates under the handicap of working with nonrepeatable events. It is more subject to the preferences of the judge than the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism. Because the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than either the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism, it is the logic of last resort, i.e., it is used only when the other two are not applicable. Under the EPA scientific standards, the logic of the courtroom is accepted for establishing propositions about the physical world. As the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than that of the physical sciences, this practice increases the likelihood of errors.