我国现代企业家的社会角色探析

企业是现代社会经济活动中普遍的组织形式 ,而企业家则是企业运作的核心。一个社会如果没有一支德才兼备、开拓创新的企业家队伍 ,那么它就很难具有生机活力 ,也不会有迅速的发展。国外理论界关于企业家角色的理论很多 ,如萨伊的企业家“协调者”角色 ,熊彼特的企业家“创新者角色” ,卡森的企业家“判断性决策者”角色以及企业家的“不确定性承担者”角色等。特别是经济学家熊彼特更为强调企业家的重要作用 ,认为企业家才是社会发展的主角、中坚力量 ,而且他正是在企业家理论的基础这上 ,构建了别人无法比拟的经济学理论体系。在我国 ,学术…     

Social Networks and Social Service Workers

Correspondence to Peter Sharkey, School of Law, Social Work and Social Policy, Liverpool Polytechnic, 98 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool, L3 5UZ. Summary ‘Networks’ is a word often used in the discussionof social work practice and within social services departments.It was a word which was central to the Barclay Report (1982)and important within the more recently published Griffiths Report(1988) on community care. It is a word also known to sociologistsand anthropologists through the development of ‘networkanalysis’. There is, however, a fairly wide gap betweenits use within social work and its use within social science.This article tries to explore this gap and the ways in whichsocial science ideas might have some use and relevance to socialservice workers. It does this by using some illustrative datafrom a study done of the personal networks of thirty elderlypeople who were all clients of a social service district office.     

Licensure of Social Workers

Social work organizations have actively been seeking licensure. This paper explores the impact of a licensure model using survey data of registered social workers gathered in Michigan. The effect of restricted entry to social work through licensure is apparent on characteristics of providers, clients and settings. The sharpest impact of licensure under the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) model is on the types of services provided. Those eligible are generally providing peoplechanging services while those ineligible are generally providing people-processing services to clients. This outcome is contrasted with the broad multifaceted definition social work organizations intellectually support.     

Taiwanese Protective Social Workers Meeting Elected Representatives: Perspectives of Protective Social Workers

Abstract

As no empirical research in Taiwan has investigated elected representatives’ interventions in protective social work, this research explores protective social workers’ experiences of elected representatives’ involvement in protective cases. Quantitative and qualitative research was conducted with 313 Taiwanese protective social workers. Data were collected with an anonymous open-ended questionnaire from both public and private sectors. Findings revealed that elected representatives become comprehensively involved in some protective cases, stressing protective social workers to the point of burnout and resignation. However, no effective methods to limit or stop political interruption exist. Therefore, this study proposes that central and local governments should pay more attention to this phenomenon by restricting interference and arranging training and seminars for both protective social workers and elected representatives. In the near future, quantitative or qualitative studies should be conducted using a larger population and face-to-face interviews to acquire an in-depth understanding of the representation of the perspectives of protective social workers.     

Social Workers and Child Welfare

Correspondence to Dr Gunvor Andersson, Lund University, School of Social Work, Box 23, 22100 Lund, Sweden. Summary What problems do social workers at social services offices haveto face in their child welfare work? How do they handle theproblems, and how important is the relation between the socialworker and the child's parents? The research project includes189 child welfare cases with 0–3-year-old children inten local communities in Sweden. The article shows that thesocial work can be categorized into four different types ofwork, where the work done, as well as the relation between thesocial worker and the child's parents, differ. (1) The socialworker is mediating help and support and has a positive contactwith the child's parents. (2) The social worker is exercisingcontrol and authority and has a negative contact with the child'sparents. (3) The social worker is doing treatment-oriented workand has a personal involvement and a relation to the parentsthat is important for the family and not exchangeable. (4) Thesocial worker is solely engaged in investigatory work with norelation to the child's parents, rather a neutral contact. Inthe categorization the concepts contact and relation are differentiated.Only in the treatment-oriented category, encompassing aboutone-fifth of the children, can one speak of a relation. In allcategories there are elements of both help and control, butdifferent ways of handling this doubleness.     

Retired Israeli Social Workers:

A survey of retired professional Israeli social workers found gradual withdrawal from paid work and increased participation in social welfare volunteer work. Their satisfaction with retirement in general was related to their income and health status; their satisfaction with their retirement activities as a retired social worker was also related to their income and health, plus related to their work status. Further cross-cultural comparisons of retired professionals and other workers are urged.     

Retired Israeli Social Workers:

A survey of retired professional Israeli social workers found gradual withdrawal from paid work and increased participation in social welfare volunteer work. Their satisfaction with retirement in general was related to their income and health status; their satisfaction with their retirement activities as a retired social worker was also related to their income and health, plus related to their work status. Further cross-cultural comparisons of retired professionals and other workers are urged.     

私营企业主利益表达的社会功能

私营企业主的利益表达在迅速发展,他们的利益表达对我国其它社会阶层具有示范意义。从总体上讲,私营企业主的利益表达促进了法律的完善,有利于实现社会稳定,并且能够推动执政党加强利益整合能力建设。     

Bonding and Bridging Social Capital Development by Social Workers

ABSTRACT

Developing service users’ bonding and bridging social capital is an increasingly recognized role of social workers. A survey of 570 Chinese service users, sampled from 41 social service units in Hong Kong, provided data for the study. Results demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity in a confirmatory factor model about the measurement of bonding and bridging social capital development, mutuality, and assistance to the community. This evidence for the validity and usefulness of social capital development endorses social workers’ role in developing service users’ social capital. Further research needs to assess the generalizability of the present findings in other sociocultural settings.     

Social Justice and the Low-Paid Workers

This paper defines a minimal set of conditions which must be satisfied by any system purporting to be guided by a notion of social justice with a significant egalitarian element. The aim is to distinguish between egalitarian concern on the one hand and mere alms-giving sentiment on the other. Taking a broad historical span, the paper shows that, rhetoric apart, the empirical data does not support the claim that egalitarian concerns have played an effective role in determining the value of the real wage for the low-paid worker. In reality, the fate of low wages appears to have been determined by little more than an alms-giving sentiment. This has implications not only for current debates over labour market reform but also for social welfare policies in general. This is especially so because of the close affinity between the base Award rate and the evaluation of the ‘poverty line’. Attention to the Award wage of the low-paid worker, the paper argues, is all the more urgent in the current economic climate when an increasing proportion of workers are likely to be trapped in low paying jobs for very long periods and possibly indefinitely.     

The Dynamics of Welfare Policy‐Making in South Korea: Social Movements as Policy Entrepreneurs*

This paper analyzes the role of social movements in the creation and evolution of a welfare state in South Korea. We begin with a theoretical overview of the existing works on policy change, highlighting concepts such as ideas, policy paradigms, and windows of opportunity. We then examine state institutions, hegemonic policy paradigms, and the specific dynamics of welfare policy‐making during South Korea’s authoritarian period (1961–1987). Next, characterizing the democratic transition in 1987 and the economic crisis of 1997–1998 as “windows of opportunity,” we probe how social movements emerged as “policy entrepreneurs” and played crucial roles in building welfare institutions and promoting welfare policies. In particular, we focus on the role of social movements in legislating the National Basic Livelihood Security Act in 1999 and consolidating fragmented health insurance systems in 2000. We conclude that social movements in democratized South Korea have assumed the role of policy entrepreneurs, filling the vacuum left by the central government and elite bureaucrats in the field of social welfare policy‐making.     

Business Social Responsibility: Perspectives of Businesses and Social Workers

ABSTRACT

This article compares the attitudes of social workers and business employees regarding the community involvement of businesses and the role of social workers in this involvement. The study, based on a structured questionnaire, was conducted in Israel and consisted of 316 participants from two cohorts: social workers and business employees. The principal findings show that social workers are more inclined than business employees to recommend that social workers increase their involvement in business social responsibility (BSR); business employees are more likely than social workers to advocate that the latter assume managerial functions; both groups support a low level of influence for social workers on decision-making processes and a role of exchange of knowledge rather than full partnership. The discussion addresses the implications of the findings for increasing social workers' involvement in BSR and cooperation with the business sector.     

社会工作者在社会救助管理中的角色

社会救助站是社会救助体系实施对外救助服务的一个重要表现形式，然而，当前救助管理站由于自身和社会的因素，普遍存在着专业性不高、服务层次低、救助功能未充分发挥等方面的问题。本文从社会工作“助人自助”价值理念基础上的专业方法角度出发，提出了解决这一问题的相关办法。     

Preferences for Work Locations Among Social Workers

This is a report of a survey conducted in 1975 of students following social work courses in nineteen universities in England and Wales. The respondents were asked to state their preferences for future employment amongst different areas in England and Wales. The results show clear preferences with Devon at the top closely followed by Somerset and North Yorkshire. Most areas with positive scores were counties with substantial rural components but two urban areas were also high in the choice list. The least popular were two densely populated urban areas in the West Midlands and the London boroughs. There are interesting variations amongst these two low scoring groups. Whilst locational preference is only one of the factors determining mobility it is, nevertheless, of some importance.     

Interaction Between Field and Residential Social Workers

Summary This paper is based upon collaborative project work with a socialservices department aimed at improving interaction and collaborationbetween field and residential social workers. It describes theprinciples upon which it was agreed that interaction shoulddevelop. These include notions of case-accountable staff, acollateral model of interaction between staff and the idea ofone party being identified as a prime care agent. Based on theseprinciples it sets out a model arrangement for clients enteringresidential care which recognizes the need for precision aboutthe nature of key decisions that need to be taken with clientsand the way these decisions should be taken.     

Educational Training Programs for Social Service Workers

This evaluation study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a New York Department of Social Services educational program conducted by Cornell University. While the primary goal was to evaluate thc program, a secondary objective was to explore the use of qualitative methods as viable alternatives or additions to the experimental model. A dual methodological approach, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative strategies, included preand posttesting of all subjects, control groups, extensive nonparticipant observation, formal and informal interviews, and the collection of background data. Results from the quantitative data were statistically significant and the qualitative data cross-validated these findings.     

Single-Session Groups: Issues for Social Workers

ABSRACT

Single-session groups in hospital settings provide a lifeline to overwhelmed patients and family members. Although these groups are becoming more common, they present special issues for the social worker committed to making them as useful as possible to participants. This paper highlights four major issues: handling ongoing recruitment, allowing sufficient time for the beginning phase, setting realistic goals, and dealing with heterogeneous group membership. Illustrative examples are based on the author's experience with single-session groups for family members of liver transplant patients. Learning more about the special nature of single-session groups will help workers prepare for them and also capitalize on the unique opportunities they offer.