UNHCR and the Afghan Refugees in the Early 1980s: Between Humanitarian Action and Cold War Politics

This article examines the UNHCR operation in Pakistan duringthe Soviet occupation of Afghanistan as a case study for thetension between UNHCR's strictly humanitarian mandate and thediverging interests of states. After situating the Afghan refugeecrisis in the broader historical context of the Cold War, itanalyses a number of documents from the UNHCR archives witha focus on the humanitarian principles that guide UNHCR's workon the one hand, and the influence of states and their political,economic, or military objectives on the UNHCR's operation onthe other. It concludes that UNHCR was aware of the negativeimpact of states’ policies and actions on the humanitariannature of its operation. However, due to the power differencebetween UNHCR and its members states as well as states hostingits operations, UNHCR had to accept these negative effects inorder to assure minimum assistance and protection for the Afghanrefugees in need.     

提高认识 标本兼治阳东县“关爱女孩行动”的思考

20 0 3年 4月被国家确定为全国首批“关爱女孩行动”试点后 ,阳东县高度重视 ,抓住宣传教育、综合治理、利益导向、性别监测等四个环节 ,落实标本兼治措施 ,一步一个脚印 ,扎扎实实地推进“关爱女孩行动”试点工作 ,取得较好的效果。至 2 0 0 4年底 ,该县“关爱女孩”的社会舆论氛围初步形成 ,出生人口性别比比 2 0 0 3年下降 8个点 ,比 2 0 0 2年下降 1 2个点。一、加强组织领导 ,强化宣传教育 ,构筑全社会齐抓共管、共同参与的良好局面该县充分认识到 ,“关爱女孩行动”意义广泛深远 ,涉及多部门、多单位 ,要做好这项工作 ,党委、政府必须…     

Orderly Departure from Vietnam: Cold War Anomaly or Humanitarian Innovation?

In May 1979, UNHCR and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam signeda Memorandum of Understanding establishing a program for legalemigration from Vietnam, known as the Orderly Departure Program,or ODP. The ODP was intended to make it possible for personswishing to leave Vietnam to do so in a safe and orderly manner,rather than having to join the ranks of the Vietnamese boatpeople. It is the only time UNHCR has extended its assistanceon a large scale to help persons to leave their country of origin.Well over half a million people emigrated from Vietnam underthe auspices of the program. The existence of the ODP made itpossible for the international community to reach consensuson how to tackle problems relating to Vietnamese refugees andasylum-seekers at two major conferences, once in 1979 and anotherin 1987. This article explores the origins of the program inthe context of the Cold War and the aftermath of the Americanwithdrawal from Vietnam, attitudes within UNHCR to the program,and the contribution the ODP made to resolving the Vietnameserefugee crisis.     

1982年以来北京人口时空演变研究

利用第三次、第四次、第五次和第六次全国人口普查数据,借助ArcGIS空间分析技术,对北京1982～2010年间的人口时空演变进行了分析研究。结果表明：北京人口规模大,增长速度快,外来常住人口的增加是城市人口规模扩大的主要原因;北京人口呈火山口型的分布格局虽然没有改变,但已由尖锐单峰式火山口型向较低缓多峰式火山口型分布格局转变,人口呈圈层梯度推移式辐射扩张和沿放射状干道外向发展;核心区人口逐步向外疏散,城市功能拓展区和城市发展新区人口不断集中;外来常住人口居住地空间分布呈现大分散、小聚居的特点,主要分布在近郊区的乡镇街道,形成围绕核心区的反“C”字形的环状分布带。城市化快速发展、多元化城市定位、产业结构调整、低层次产业吸引、城市规划引导是北京人口时空演变的作用机制。     

人口与环境关系的历史演进

从人口生态学角度来看人类发展的历史,就是人口与环境相互作用的历史。本文从人类社会发展的几个主要阶段,简述了自人类诞生以来人口与环境关系的历史演变,阐明了人口发展必须与资源的合理利用和环境保护相协调。     

The United Nations on the Implementation of the Cairo Program of Action

Progress and challenges in implementing strategies on population and development were the focus of a Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly that met at UN headquarters in New York, 30 June-2 July 1999. Participating at the Assembly were representatives of nearly 180 governments, with some 150 of these, and a number of observers and nongovernmental organizations, making statements. The delegates reviewed and appraised the implementation of the Program of Action adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development held at Cairo in 1994. The main topics discussed concerned women's rights, reproductive health issues, and abortion. The Assembly's work culminated in the adoption of a 106-paragraph statement titled Key actions…, formally issued as United Nations Document A/S-21/5. The document is reprinted below in full. It affirms the comprehensive approach to population and development issues articulated at the Cairo conference and identifies needs for further action. Also reproduced below is the address delivered at the Special Session by Kofi Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations. According to a popular lapidary characterization of the program adopted at the 1994 conference, that program concluded that “population is not about numbers.” Thus the Secretary-General's address is particularly notable for a clear affirmation of the importance of the quantitative dimension of the population issue. “[W]e have to stabilize the population of this planet. Quite simply, there is a limit to the pressures our global environment can stand.”     

The Hague Forum on the Implementation of the Cairo Program of Action

To ascertain progress in the implementation of the Program of Action adopted at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), and to discuss needed future action toward realization of the goals set by that conference, the United Nations Population Fund convened an intergovernmental Forum that met in The Hague, hosted by the government of the Netherlands, 8–12 February 1999. The Hague Forum was preceded by related meetings of nongovernmental organizations, representatives of youth groups, and of parliamentarians. Excerpts from the Report of the Hague Forum, sections V and X, with the original paragraph numbers retained, are reproduced below. The first of these sections summarizes recent positive and negative developments in the field of reproductive health and notes demographic changes that require special attention. The section on mobilization of resources—the concluding section of the Report—describes resource flows, international and domestic, for population and reproductive health programs during the last few years. Although donor funding (a key issue discussed at the Forum) has increased, it falls short of the goals specified by ICPD. The Report enumerates actions proposed for remedying deficiencies in mobilizing resources and for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of their use.     

The Evolution of Family Complexity from the Perspective of Nonmarital Children

We document the incidence and evolution of family complexity from the perspective of children. Following a cohort of firstborn children whose mothers were not married at the time of their birth, we consider family structure changes over the first 10 years of the child’s life—considering both full and half-siblings who are coresidential or who live in another household. We rely on detailed longitudinal administrative data from Wisconsin that include information on the timing of subsequent births to the mother and father, and detailed information on earnings, child support, and welfare. We find that 60% of firstborn children of unmarried mothers have at least one half-sibling by age 10. Our results highlight the importance of having fertility information for both fathers and mothers: estimates of the proportion of children with half-siblings would be qualitatively lower if we had fertility information on only one parent. Complex family structures are more likely for children of parents who are younger or who have low earnings and for those in larger urban areas. Children who have half-siblings on their mother’s side are also more likely to have half-siblings on their father’s side, and vice versa, contributing to very complex family structures—and potential child support arrangements—for some children.     

第五届亚太生殖与性健康及权利大会《北京行动宣言》

背景 世界四分之一以上的人是在1994年国际人口与发展大会以后出生的。然而即使在今天,连这些人都还没有充分享受到179个国家在国际人发大会上所承诺的服务和权利。许多青少年仍然对自己的生殖权利与性权利一无所知。     

基于ROXY模型的长江经济带城镇化时空演化研究

城镇化发展不仅仅是人口比例的增加和土地面积的扩张,而是要注重人口、产业、土地的协调发展.据此本文从人口、产业、土地三个维度,采用ROXY模型分析了长江经济带城镇化发展水平与时空演化特征.研究发现:长江经济带11省市第二产业与建成区面积均呈现出恒定收敛—加速极化—加速收敛—加速收敛演化轨迹.第三产业的空间发展轨迹与第二产业、建成区面积发展轨迹相反;而非农人口一直保持着极化空间发展特征.由此反映出长江经济带城镇化发展具有多元特征,同时说明了长江经济11省市之间缺乏有效的带动力与辐射力,在其发展过程中需要充分发挥城市的溢出效应.     

甘肃城镇人口布局的时空演变

利用人口普查数据,采用ESDA分析技术,从中观层面探讨了2000—2010年甘肃城镇人口布局的时空演变特点：城镇人口布局向中部、南部和东部集中;城镇化模式由中心城市带动向中心城市与中心小城镇互动转变;中南部地区城镇化的动力在增强,但基础依然薄弱。     

The Effects of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals on the Educational Outcomes of Undocumented Students

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is the first large-scale immigration policy to affect undocumented immigrants in the United States in decades and offers eligible undocumented youth temporary relief from deportation as well as renewable work permits. Although DACA has improved the economic conditions and mental health of undocumented immigrants, we do not know how DACA improves the social mobility of undocumented immigrants through its effect on educational attainment. We use administrative data on students attending a large public university to estimate the effect of DACA on undocumented students’ educational outcomes. The data are unique because they accurately identify students’ legal status, account for individual heterogeneity, and allow separate analysis of students attending community colleges versus four-year colleges. Results from difference-in-difference estimates demonstrate that as a temporary work permit program, DACA incentivizes work over educational investments but that the effect of DACA on educational investments depends on how easily colleges accommodate working students. At four-year colleges, DACA induces undocumented students to make binary choices between attending school full-time and dropping out of school to work. At community colleges, undocumented students have the flexibility to reduce course work to accommodate increased work hours. Overall, the results suggest that the precarious and temporary nature of DACA creates barriers to educational investments.     

北京市流动人口证件管理演变与实证研究

通过对北京流动人口户籍、就业、居住和计划生育证件的管理政策及其法规实施演变的分析,本文认为流动人口证件的管理经历了从无证管理到多证协管,再到一证统管的过程,《暂住证》贯穿整个有证管理历程并发挥了基础性作用。文章进一步使用“2006年北京市1‰流动人口调查”数据分析流动人口持证情况及影响因素,发现身份证持证率（97．5％）明显高于暂住证持证率（84．5％）,并且身份证持证率与流动人口的个体特征没有直接的关联,而众多个体特征对暂住证持证率都有显著的影响作用,比如性别、年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、就业情况、来京年份和所在功能区等因素。从理论上讲,由于《暂住证》受个体因素影响较大,普及范围不如《身份证》,流动人口管理可以取消《暂住证》,而仅以《身份证》作为管理依据。     

Evolution of litter size

Summary Theories on the evolution of litter size among organisms were reexamined. The competition theories, including that based on ther−K-selection hypothesis, could not explain well why low-fecundity strategies have often evolved in stressful environments such as mountain streams, deep sea and the antarctic, where interspecies competition is considered to be lax. The theory, based on It?'s (1980) concept of theprocurability of food by the young, was considered to have greater generality because it could explain not only the above-mentioned cases but also those where small litter size is observed in habitats with high species diversity (where interspecific competition may be keen), such as tropical rain forest. Examination of the process of selection of high-fecundity and low-fecundity genotypes also suggested that the procurability of food by the young can best explain the evolution of low-fecundity. The concept of density-induced dispersal and a distinction between density-dependent and density-independent predation pressures should be incorporated into our discussions on the evolution of reproductive rates. This work was supported in part by Grant-in-Aid No. 439017 from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture.     

印度国家人口政策的历史演进及影响因素研究

印度是世界上第一个在全国范围推行家庭计划的国家,也是世界上少数几个具有清晰人口政策的国家之一。从立国之初设计推动家庭计划政策到2000年最终形成清晰的国家人口政策,印度国家人口政策的历史演进大致经历了六个阶段。在61年的家庭计划实践与探索中,殖民因素与马尔萨斯主义、地域差异和城乡分割、土地制度与土地关系、宗教制度与传统文化、识字率及受教育机会、外国政府和国际组织援助、政府结构和政治斗争对人口政策的实施与走向产生了深远影响。尽管印度政府在不同发展阶段所期望的人口控制目标大都没有实现,但印度家庭计划为人类正确认识人口的生产和再生产规律做出了先驱性的贡献。印度的经验和教训说明,一国人口政策的制定应充分认识人口的社会性和历史性,人口政策的目标取向应更全面地关注人口、社会与经济的可持续发展。