政府在企业绿色营销过程中的角色

绿色营销,是指企业在市场营销中重视保护地球生态环境,通过营造绿色环保的氛围,销售绿色商品,进而使生产、消费与环境协调发展的过程。显然,绿色营销具有较大的外部经济性。由于市场信息的不对称,一些企业便利用消费者对绿色产品辨别能力差的弱点,生产、销售假冒伪劣的"绿色     

信用缺失探讨

近年来我国经济领域中最大的热点问题之一便是种种以“信用危机”为特征的不道德行为。其中尤以假冒伪劣商品、企业三角债、逃废债务和虚假账目最为令人瞩目。１、假冒伪劣商品。据不完全统计，我国年均假冒伪劣商品的产值有１３０００亿元之多，相当于一年国内生产总值的１５％以上，国家每年因此损失税收２５０亿元。凡是与老百姓生活和经济建设相关的假冒伪劣商品几乎无所不在。制假售假不仅表现出数量大、品种多、范围广的特点，而且已经呈现出集团化、区域化的发展趋势，甚至出现产供销一条龙的现象。此外，施工市场中，工程质量事故也…     

专利技术授权、生产外包与合同设计

专利授权及其授权协议是知识产权转化为现实生产力的关键。本文针对由一个专利技术提供商、一个品牌制造商和一个OEM组成的供应链,考虑市场需求信息不对称以及OEM存在规模经济效应,研究了专利技术提供商最优专利授权合同设计问题,考察了不对称信息、规模经济效应等因素对专利授权合同设计、供应链利润、消费者剩余和社会福利的影响。研究结果表明：在不对称信息下,专利技术提供商通过设计一组合同菜单可以有效甄别市场需求信息;OEM会有动机去提升其规模经济效应,但却不一定有利于其他供应链成员和消费者;不对称信息的存在会影响供应链成员企业的利润水平以及消费者剩余,并总是会导致供应链系统利润的损失,但若满足一定条件,则专利技术提供商与品牌制造商可以达成信息共享谈判,实现"双赢"。     

农村信贷市场信息不对称及其对策

我国农村信贷市场存在严重的信息不对称。信息不对称不仅农村金融组织积累了巨额不良资产,而且导致农村资金大量外流。信息不对称问题不解决,势必影响农村经济的发展。为此,必须采取内外不同的对策解决农村信贷市场信息不对称问题。     

不对称信息条件下同质商品交易价格估计方法及应用

本文考虑不对称和不完备信息条件下同质商品交易价格的估计问题.根据价格的价值基础理论和商品的市场供求关系,在交易商品同质化假定下,论文通过对实际成交价格分布的假设检验建立了商品交易价格估计模型,给出了"重点审价"和"合理价格"的区间.对海关进口商品估价的应用说明了本文所提出的交易价格估计方法的可行性及其应用价值.     

浅谈假冒伪劣商品价格的鉴定工作

随着社会商品经济的发展，假冒伪劣商品违法活动络绎不绝，在国家采取严厉措施进行打击的情势下，近几年，价格认证机构对假冒伪劣商品的价格鉴定数量也急遽上升。涉案伪劣商品呈现品类增多、技术含量增加、逃避国家法律制裁的手段越来越高等特点。这些都给假冒伪劣商品的价格鉴定工作带来一定的困难。本文对假冒伪劣商品价格认证实践工作中存在的一些问题进行了详细说明，并就如何做好假冒伪劣商品的价格鉴定工作进行了阐述。     

网络银行监管理论与监管模式

由于金融体系所承担的特殊社会经济职能和信息不对称广泛存在，作为对金融市场缺陷的有益纠正，严密的金融管制体系已成为经济运行中不可或缺的一部分。随着网络技术的进步，网络金融开始大规模发展起来，对于网络金融而言，外部性问题的重要性已经超过由信息不对称产生的“市场失灵”，同时，网络金融活动蕴含的风险也与传统金融活动有较大的不同，这些因素使得网络金融监管相对传统的金融监管出现了新的变化。一、金融监管的一般理论金融市场与其他有形商品市场不同，在有形商品市场上，买卖双方进行的是商品所有权的交易，遵循等价交换原…     

基于质量信息不对称度的消费者效用与企业利润研究

本文回顾并分析了国内外学者关于质量信息不对称以及质量信息不对称度的相关研究成果,通过比较产品质量真实信息与消费者预期质量信息对质量信息不对称度进行了定义.创造性地将质量信息不对称度引入消费者效用和企业利润的研究之中,基于质量信息不对称度、产品质量与产品价格构建了消费者效用模型与企业利润模型,讨论了质量信息不对称度变化对消费者效用与企业利润的影响,分析了质量信息不对称度和消费者偏好变化的经济意义,实例研究验证了本文定义及推理的合理性和有效性.获得了有意义的结论:企业可以通过调整发布的信息量来改变质量信息不对称度追求较大的利润,将产品质量信息不对称度控制在合适的水平才能获得较高的企业利润和消费者效用.     

考虑异质消费者的线下到线上供应链合作广告契约设计

本文针对一个拥有线上渠道的制造商和一个零售商组成的线下到线上(O2O)供应链,考虑渠道产品差异化策略下零售商为制造商线上渠道进行广告引流,刻画消费者对产品的异质性需求,分别设计对称信息和不对称信息下制造商的最优合作广告契约,通过对比两种情形中最优决策及利润的变化分析信息不对称的影响,并进一步探讨不对称信息下消费者渠道转换的麻烦成本、单位不匹配成本等重要参数对合作广告契约设计和供应链成员利润的影响。研究发现:不对称信息下,制造商可以策略性选择三种不同策略以最大化自身利润,其中不甄别零售商真实信息的混同均衡在某些条件下是制造商的最优策略;尽管信息不对称会给制造商带来利润损失,但制造商通过策略选择可缓和信息不对称的不利影响,某些条件下信息不对称并不损害供应链总体的利润;麻烦成本的变化会改变制造商不对称信息下最优合作广告契约的策略选择,某些条件下麻烦成本的增高对制造商利润反而存在正影响。最后,通过数值仿真对上述研究结果进行直观考察和说明。     

信息不对称条件下中小企业融资策略选择研究

本文主要介绍了信息不对称对中小企业融资的影响,并对相应的原因进行了分析,立足于中小企业、金融机构以及政府三方面的利益,提出了解决信息不对称条件下中小企业融资难的策略。     

Quadratic Concavity and Determinacy of Equilibrium

One of the central features of classical models of competitive markets is the generic determinacy of competitive equilibria. For smooth economies with a finite number of commodities and a finite number of consumers, almost all initial endowments admit only a finite number of competitive equilibria, and these equilibria vary (locally) smoothly with endowments; thus equilibrium comparative statics are locally determinate. This paper establishes parallel results for economies with finitely many consumers and infinitely many commodities. The most important new condition we introduce, quadratic concavity, rules out preferences in which goods are perfect substitutes globally, locally, or asymptotically. Our framework is sufficiently general to encompass many of the models that have proved important in the study of continuous‐time trading in financial markets, trading over an infinite time horizon, and trading of finely differentiated commodities.     

Do Irrelevant Commodities Matter?

We study how to evaluate allocations independently of individual preferences over unavailable commodities. We prove impossibility results that suggest that such evaluations encounter serious difficulties. This is related to the well known problem of performing international comparisons of standard of living across countries with different consumption goods. We show how possibility results can be retrieved with restrictions on the domain of preferences, on the application of the independence axiom, or on the set of allocations to be ranked. Such restrictions appear more plausible when the objects of evaluation are allocations of composite commodities, characteristics, or human functionings rather than ordinary commodities.     

基于差异产品的政府最优R&D补贴策略研究

本文建立考虑产品差异的三阶段双寡头博弈模型:第一阶段政府选择R&D(Research and Development)补贴率,第二阶段企业确定自己的R&D水平,第三阶段企业确定产品价格进行伯川德竞争。根据双寡头在第二和第三阶段是否合作,给出了R&D竞争、R&D卡特尔、共同实验、技术共享联盟和研究共同体等五种R&D策略,得到了相应的政府最优R&D补贴率。研究表明,当技术溢出程度较低且产品水平差异不大时,政府给予采用R&D竞争策略企业的补贴率不高于采用R&D卡特尔策略的企业;当技术溢出程度较高且产品水平差异较大时,结果则相反。在政府进行最优补贴后,从促进技术进步、扩大企业规模以及社会福利最大化的角度来看,五种R&D策略中,共同实验最差,技术共享联盟和研究共同体则最优。     

Life cycle emission distributions within the economy: implications for life cycle impact assessment.

Refinements of methods for life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) are directed at removing unjustified simplifications and quantifying and reducing uncertainties in results. The amount of uncertainty reduction that is actually achieved through LCIA method refinement depends on the structure of the life cycle inventory model. We investigate the general structure of inventory models using an economic input/output (I/O) life cycle assessment model of the U.S. economy. In particular, we study the results of applying a streamlining algorithm to the I/O LCA model. The streamlining algorithm retains only those "branches" of the process tree that are jointly required to account for a specified fraction of the total impacts upstream of each point in the tree. We examine the implications of these "tree pruning" results for site-informed LCIA. Percentiles are presented for U.S. commodities and several important pollutants, for the share of total upstream emissions contributed by the set of processes in each supply tier, that is, each set of processes that directly supply inputs to another set of processes Capturing at least 90% of the total direct plus upstream emissions for criteria air pollutants and toxic releases for at least 75% of the commodities in the U.S. economy requires full modeling of direct emissions plus the first five supply tiers. The requirements for capturing a high percentage (e.g., >80%) of total emissions vary widely across products or commodities. To capture more than 60% of total emissions for more than half of all commodities requires models with more than 4,000 process instances. To well characterize the total impacts of products, life cycle impact assessment methods must characterize foreground process impacts in a site-informed way and mean impacts of far-removed processes in an unbiased way.     

消费者效用视角下双渠道供应链的产品质量研发模式选择研究

考虑到产品质量是影响消费者购买行为的关键驱动因素,运用动态博弈理论和非线性消费者效用函数对双渠道供应链中三种产品质量研发模式分别建模,讨论了各种质量研发模式对供应链成员的利润和消费者效用的影响,并利用二部定价契约协调供应链。三种产品质量研发模式分别为：制造商不进行产品质量研发、制造商独立进行产品质量研发和制造商与零售商合作进行产品质量研发。研究表明：(1)当进行产品质量研发时,批发价、零售价,直销价和产品质量研发水平均提高,并在合作研发下达到最大值,且上述决策变量均随着渠道竞争程度的增加而降低;(2)产品在传统零售渠道和线上销售渠道的销售量和消费者效用随着渠道竞争程度的增加而降低;(3)产品质量研发能够提高制造商的利润和消费者效用,且在合作研发模式下达到最大值;对零售商而言,采用制造商独立研发模式时利润最高,合作研发模式时利润最低;(4)为激励零售商参与研发,制造商利用二部定价契约来协调供应链,协调后产品的研发水平能够达到合作研发时的水平,同时消费者效用增加。数值仿真结果有效地证明了相关结论。     

公平偏好和销售努力下供应链期权契约协调

考虑公平中性的供应商将报童类商品售给公平偏好的零售商,商品需求随机且受销售努力影响。刻画了期权契约下零售商关于实物和期权商品采购及销售努力的联合策略,设计了协调供应链的期权契约和促销成本分担机制。研究表明：在确保零售商参与供应链下,无论契约参数如何设计,零售商要么仅采购实物商品,要么同时购买实物商品和期权;且仅当设计的契约能诱导零售商购买期权时,供应链的协调才可能实现。探讨了公平偏好对零售商策略和协调契约的影响,结果表明：零售商越偏好公平,实物商品采购量和努力水平越低,但期权购买量依赖于契约参数之间的关系;协调契约可行域随公平偏好程度递减,但始终存在;在协调契约下,零售商的策略选择与公平偏好程度无关。最后实施了数值分析。     

R&D与广告对中日家电企业技术效率影响的比较研究

基于DEA和SFA模型,本文首先分析了2001-2005年间中日两国家电上市企业的市场势力效率和盈利效率这两类技术效率;其次,在构造DEA-TOBIT和Battese&Coelli(1995)SFA这两个计量模型的基础上,进一步研究了企业R&D与广告宣传这两种市场竞争策略对这两类技术效率的当期和累计影响效果。结果显示,非参数估计DEA和参数估计SFA这两个方法在中日家电企业技术效率评价方面取得了较为一致的结果;同时,所构造的DEA-TOBIT和SFA这两个计量模型也显示了在竞争性家电制造业中,R&D对企业市场势力效率和盈利效率的累积影响效果均为积极显著,但却未能证实长期内广告宣传对这两类技术效率的积极效果。     

Collaboration experience in the supply chain of knowledge and patent development

Abstract

In this paper, we aim at understanding the role of collaboration experience in supply chains of knowledge (SCoK). The SCoK of a company is its supply chain not related to the flow of physical goods but to the flow of R&D commodities. R&D commodities are for example patents, technologies, research services, studies, and projects, and, in high-tech industries, their development and commercialisation are considered as important as real products. To accomplish our aim in this paper, we fulfil the following research objectives: (1) investigate the relationship between the collaboration experience in SCoK and the propensity of the firm to develop new patents; (2) examine how the structural embeddedness of the firm within its SCoK mediates this relationship. We ground our conceptual model on the supply chain, open innovation and social capital literatures and empirically test our hypotheses on a cross-sectional data-set of 208 biotech companies that have signed 612 SCoK agreements in the years 2006–2010. The key findings of this study are: first, accumulating experience in SCoK collaborations facilitates the development of new patents; second, being central and bridging structural holes within the SCoK are two means by which the experience in SCoK collaborations is translated into new patents.     

The competitive advantage and strategic configuration of knowledge-intensive, small- and medium-sized multinationals: a modified resource-based view

This study employs a modified resource-based approach to examine the competitive advantage enjoyed by knowledge-intensive, small- and medium-sized multinationals (KI-SMMs). While the resource-based view addresses superior capabilities only, this paper examines both superior and inferior capabilities and their resulting sustainable competitive advantage.Compared to larger knowledge-intensive multinationals, KI-SMMs possess more inferior than superior core capabilities. Despite this handicap, the paper demonstrates how KI-SMMs compete globally by leveraging their relatively superior R&D capabilities and by choosing a strategic configuration that allows them to compete internationally despite their relatively inferior capabilities in marketing and production activities.Our results show that KI-SMMs internalize R&D activities, which are their core capabilities, externalize production activities, in this case noncore capabilities, and internalize marketing activities, for which they have an inferior capacity, but which are, arguably, core capabilities. KI-SMMs compensate for their inferior capabilities in marketing activities through the use of a unique business model which focuses repeat sales to customers with whom a low number of high-value transactions can be maintained.     

在线商品虚假评论发布动机及形成机理研究

在线商品虚假评论不仅给消费者做出合理购买决策制造了巨大障碍,也降低了电商平台的商誉并损害了平台上大部分商家的利益。本文基于动机理论研究在线虚假评论的发布动机和形成机理,一方面通过问卷调查和文献调研考察消费者和商家发布虚假评论的潜在动机,另一方面结合结构方程模型和数据分析探究虚假评论的形成机理。本文从消费者相关型动机和商家相关型动机两个维度提炼出五种在线商品虚假评论的发布动机,并构建结构方程模型对虚假评论的形成机理进行实证检验。研究结果表明：情感宣泄、奖励机制、雇佣“水军”是发布虚假评论的直接动机;雇佣“水军”通过商品推销/诋毁和支持/诋毁商家这两个中介变量,对发布虚假评论行为具有间接影响;“水军”是通过推销或诋毁商家商品,在电子商务竞争中吹嘘自己并诋毁竞争对手的方式来发布虚假评论。本文研究结论对于有效提升在线商品虚假评论的治理与防范提供了切实可行的管理实践洞察。