日本公共住宅制度改革及发展趋势研究

日本最初的公共住宅制度是以公库、公营以及公团为核心,主要致力于解决公共住宅不足的问题.公共住宅政策采用的是"以政府为主导、以住宅规划为目标、以公库为资金支持、以公团为建设主体"的模式.随着日本住房问题的改变,日本针对公库、公营、公团等公共住宅制度进行了较大幅度的改革,公共住宅制度的未来发展趋势也相应的作出了调整.通过对日本公共住宅制度改革和发展趋势的研究,可为现阶段中国公共住宅制度的发展和改革提供借鉴经验.     

日本公共年金的支付危机与养老保险制度改革

日本的公共年金是养老保险制度的重要组成部分,长期以来一直通过现收现付的方式维持着资金的运营,然而随着经济萧条与人口危机的出现,现收现付制将引起代际之间收入转移的严重失衡并引起年金的支付危机,而这种危机是现行制度无法克服的,因此,将迫使日本对传统的现收现付制度进行根本性改革。     

韩国公共伦理制度建设及其启示

公共伦理制度化已成为世界各国公共伦理管理的普遍趋势。本文重点介绍了韩国公共伦理制度建设的概况,主要涉及伦理立法和机构管理的内容。借鉴韩国公共伦理制度建设的成功经验,我国的公共伦理制度建设应做到对公职人员道德要求实事求是,分层次提出不同的要求;既要道德“自律,”更要强化公共伦理制度的“他律;”公共伦理制度建设应注重实效性,防止流于形式。     

日本公共养老金制度改革评析

日本从20世纪60年代初实现了"全民皆年金"以来,经过多次改革,养老金制度不断完善。随着人口出生率的下降和老年人口的增加,日本人口老龄化问题日趋严重,社会保障费用支出过大,养老金制度也受到了严峻挑战。日本历届政府都把养老金制度改革作为一项主要任务。2000年以来,日本又根据新的社会经济形势对养老金制度进行了进一步的改革。本文对进入21世纪后日本公共养老金制度的改革及面临的课题做了初步的探讨和分析。     

生存权保障视野下的日本战后住宅问题——以公共住宅为中心

住宅是公民生存权保障的基本内容,住宅法是社会保障法的重要环节,国家住宅政策的核心应当放置在国民生存权保障上。长期以来,日本住宅问题上的困境根源于对人权保障原则的背离,甚至出现了公共住宅压迫国民生存权的情况。公共住宅与民间住宅的不同就在于,公共住宅领域必须阻断市场法则的支配,通过加大国家公共投入,落实国家的积极给付义务,把生活法则作为首位的社会法理加以贯彻。     

日本医疗制度的课题与改革

日本医疗制度经过战后的发展 ,面临着少子老龄化的进展、经济状况低迷等周边环境的变化。为适应这些变化和提供满足人们需求的医疗 ,日本将医疗制度改革作为结构改革的一个非常重要的组成部分。日本的医疗制度改革以增加患者的负担和优化医疗机构为主要内容 ,在短期内会对日本的经济发展带来负面影响 ,但从中长期看改革可以控制医疗费的持续增长 ,增加国民对医疗制度的信任 ,而这些将有助于经济的增长。所以日本医疗制度改革势在必行。     

日本农地制度对我国农地制度改革的启示

二战后,日本的农地制度和政策演变大致经历了两个阶段:第一阶段形成了自耕农为主的小农经济体制;第二阶段从制度上促进农地流动,推动土地规模经营的发展。如何评价日本的农地制度改革及相应的政策效果,日本学界有几种完全不同的观点。日本与中国的农业虽然处在不同的发展水平上,但在农业生产组织结构方面有许多相似之处。我国农地制度改革应在完善家庭经营的基础上,建立土地使用权流转制度,培育社会化服务组织,加快土地经营的规模化、集约化。     

改革与创新:优化农村公共产品供给制度的战略思考

随着“十一五”规划中“建设社会主义新农村”的提出,农村公共产品供给工作面临着新的机遇与挑战。文章针对目前我国农村公共产品供给中存在的主要问题,从宏观、中观以及微观三个层次对此进行了根源分析,并提出了完善中国农村公共产品供给制度的战略改革方案。     

日本住宅租赁判例与调停制度研究

在对住宅租赁关系进行法律调整的过程中，日本不仅注重建立和完善民法典和租赁特别立法等成文法律，也重视法院通过具有能动性的司法实践对着住宅租赁关系进行灵活的调整。一方面，法院通过判例对成文法加以灵活解释以保障租赁关系中承租方的住宅权，另一方面，通过调停制度促进租赁双方的交涉，维持住宅租赁关系的稳定与和谐。     

日本住宅租赁判例与调停制度研究冰

在对住宅租赁关系进行法律调整的过程中,日本不仅注重建立和完善民法典和租赁特别立法等成文法律,也重视法院通过具有能动性的司法实践对着住宅租赁关系进行灵活的调整.一方面,法院通过判例对成文法加以灵活解释以保障租赁关系中承租方的住宅权,另一方面,通过调停制度促进租赁双方的交涉,维持住宅租赁关系的稳定与和谐.     

The Impact of Neo-liberalism on South Korea's Public Pension: A Political Economy of Pension Reform

This article examines the recent Korean pension reforms from a political economy perspective. It argues that these reforms are of particular interest because, unlike major pay-as-you-go pension schemes in Europe, the Korean pension scheme is a funded one and, therefore, is subject to market exposure. Also in contrast to the problems that public pension reforms have encountered in European and other OECD countries, especially 'blame avoidance', the more radical Korean reforms were implemented without significant challenge or resistance. First of all, the National Pension Scheme is described prior to the 1997 Asian economic crisis. Then the impact of this crisis on the Korean welfare state and, especially, its pension system are analysed. The main part of the article consists of a political economy of the pension reform process, in which the key roles of the international governmental organizations and the domestic neo-liberal policy elite are pinpointed. This neo-liberal ideology was critical in developing and sustaining an influential discourse on the 'crisis' in Korea's national pension fund. The article concludes by arguing, against the neo-liberal tide, for the inclusion of a pay-as-you-go element in the national pension in order to tackle escalating poverty in old age.     

浅析公共财政理论与财政改革

公共财政是市场经济发展到一定阶段的产物。随着发达国家公共产品理论的创立和福利经济学、新制度经济学的兴起,公共财政已经渐成共识并深入人心。伴随我国经济体制改革的深入发展和社会主义市场经济的建立,我国的财政改革也日益采纳公共财政的理论内涵和理论描述。     

The Relationship between Urban Development and Housing Prices in China

This article analyzes the relationship between urban development and housing prices in China. When comparing data from three recent consecutive years, with some exceptions, the result shows that in general, housing price is determined by urban development in most urban regions. The article summarizes strategies for affordable housing development and housing policy in China, and analyzes the implications of this study for social work and education. It advocates comprehensive new thinking on a broader topic: how to maintain healthy housing prices and stable development in China.     

Alcohol Misuse Among Older Adult Public Housing Residents

Low-income older adults living in public housing are at heightened risk for substance misuse. This study identified the prevalence of alcohol misuse among older public housing residents (n?=?187) and explored predictors of problem drinking. Including weekly drinking levels and binge drinking, 23% of the sample engaged in problem drinking behaviors. Logistic regression analysis revealed that race, gender, employment status, years smoking, and illegal drug use were significant predictors of problem drinking. No residents were receiving substance abuse treatment. As the number of older adults increase, training social workers to assess and treat alcohol misuse in older adults is critical.     

公共利益原则下的土地征用制度改革

土地征用必须以公共利益为基本的前提条件。改革我国土地征用制度应该建立城乡统一的土地市场;明确征地范围,坚持公共利益原则;制定《土地征用法》;改革补偿安置办法。     

体制分割与中国城镇居民的住房差异

在混合经济形态下,“市场”与“再分配”权力之间的良性制衡的关系尚未形成,相反却在一定程度上对社会不平等的形成表现出层叠效应。对住房不平等的经验分析表明,当前（住房市场化时期）的住房不平等状况很大一部分是由房改前的住房分配过程和住房私有化改革过程导致的,社会成员越是接近体制的核心部门,其住房优势就越突出。这一经验研究发现表明,制度变革的渐进性和路径依赖使得根植于体制分割的社会不平等在尚未充分消退的同时,改革之前导致社会差异形成的体制分割因素依然在一定程度上活跃于当前的社会不平等中,且有可能会随着市场化的推进叠加于源自于市场的社会不平等,甚至经由市场的作用进一步延续并放大。     

Social risks and public pension in South Korea

This study investigated how traditional and new social risks have emerged in South Korea and how policies have coped with them, focusing on the public pension program. Using national statistics data and publicly published government reports, factors such as marital status, economic activity, and the insurance trend of the public pension by age and gender for the last decade were examined. Main results are as follows. Women's labor force participation has slightly increased; however, career discontinuity remains and new family risks have increased. Second, women's public pension coverage as a percentage of the employment rate has substantially increased, implying that old labor market risks have largely been reduced for female workers. Third, the public pension insured rate among male workers has decreased to a small degree, which implies that new labor market risks are increasing for male workers. Consequently, the gender gap in risk has been reduced; however, policies established to deal with new risks have introduced some gender effects     

Increasing Poverty in Japan: Social Policy and Public Assistance Program

Until quite recently, the problem of poverty was largely “invisible” in Japan, since the poverty rate was relatively low and issues surrounding poverty received little attention. However, the recent financial and economic crisis caused such an increase in the poverty rate that it could no longer be ignored. When the government announced a poverty rate for the first time in 2009 (15.7% for the year 2007), the nation was shocked. Poverty is now widely discussed and “visible” in Japan, and Japanese policy makers have been forced to formulate and implement strategies to help the poor. The contribution of changing international and national economic and social conditions to increased poverty, including population changes in Japan, is also noted. This paper aims to provide an overview of the poverty situation and the nature of social policy that addresses poverty. It describes in particular the national public assistance program, which is a major public income‐support program and is considered as the ‘last safety net’ available for the poor in Japan. In conclusion, the paper explores the key problems faced by the program and discusses the challenges associated with tackling a dramatic increase in poverty.     

Childcare Expansion in East Asia: Changing Shape of the Institutional Configurations in Japan and South Korea

The provision of childcare in Korea and Japan has traditionally been intensively conducted within the family. Recent social and demographic transformations have been profound and these have resulted in significant policy changes in both countries. This study examines the institutional configurations of the provisions of childcare among the state, market, and family and how they have changed in Korea and Japan over time. The institutional configurations were quantitatively evaluated based on an estimation of care time. Our findings suggest that care time provided in market and state facilities has become much larger in Japan than in Korea. In both countries, the care time provided by market facilities is much larger than in state facilities. Over the years, both market and state provisions of care have increased in Korea whereas state care provisions have decreased and market provisions have increased in Japan. However, this does not mean that the centralization of the family in the provision of childcare has shifted. In fact, the care time within the family has increased in both countries, suggesting that Korea and Japan have become more caring welfare states.