组织控制对信息安全遵从行为的影响——上下级关系与组织承诺的调节作用

随着企业员工误用信息系统与数据泄露事件的不断发生,如何确保员工的信息安全遵从已经成为信息安全管理中新的挑战。基于遵从理论和社会交换理论,本文从上下级关系和组织承诺的视角出发,探究了组织控制对员工信息安全遵从行为的影响机制。本研究采用问卷调研的方法收集了310份有效数据,使用PLS方法对研究模型进行分析检验。结果发现：惩罚期望对员工的信息安全遵从行为有显著的正向作用,然而奖励期望对遵从行为的主效应是不显著的;上下级关系在奖励期望与信息安全遵从行为之间起到正向的调节作用,对与上级关系好的员工而言,奖励期望对遵从行为的激励作用更为显著;组织承诺不仅对信息安全遵从行为有显著的正向作用,还在奖励期望与遵从行为,以及惩罚期望与遵从行为之间有负向的调节作用,奖励与惩罚都对组织承诺水平低的员工更有效果。在中国的组织情境下,本研究深入揭示了组织控制中的奖励与惩罚对员工信息安全遵从行为的影响机理,并为信息安全管理的制度设计与优化提供了决策建议。     

基于社会影响和面子视角的冲动购买研究

单个个体的冲动购物研究比较多,但是他人陪伴情境下的个体冲动购物的研究还相对较少.中国人他人取向特征明显,在与社会的互动中面子起着非常重要的作用.以社会影响理论和中国本土心理学的面子理论为基础,考察社会影响倾向和面子倾向对他人陪伴下的个体冲动购买的作用以及面子在社会影响倾向和冲动购买中的中介作用.通过问卷法共回收有效问卷226份,并利用SPSS软件进行统计分析.结果发现,规范性社会影响倾向对冲动购买有正向影响,信息性社会影响倾向和护面子倾向对冲动购买有负向影响,信息性社会影响倾向通过护面子倾向这一中介变量间接地作用于冲动购买.最后,对零售商和消费者提出了建议并指出了未来的研究方向. 少.中国人他人取向特征明显,在与社会的互动中面子起着非常重要的作用.以社会影响理论和中国本土心理学的面子理论为基础,考察社会影响倾向和面子倾向对他人陪伴下的个体冲动购买的作用以及面子在社会影响倾向和冲动购买中的中介作用.通过问卷法共回收有效问卷226份,并利用SPSS软件进行统计分析.结果发现,规范性社会影响倾向对冲动购买有正向影响,信息性社会影响倾向和护面子倾向对冲动购买有负向影响,信息性社会影响倾向通过护面子倾向这一中介变量间接 作用于冲动购买.最后,对零售商和消费者提出了建议并指出了未来的研究方向.     

服务失败情境下面子丢失对顾客抱怨倾向的影响

作者基于中国文化中特有的面子理论对消费者在服务失败中的心理反应机制进行了详尽的探讨,提出了以顾客损失、面子丢失和情绪为核心的顾客抱怨倾向模型。该文采用真实录像情景实验法进行了实证研究,证实了面子机制在服务失败下是真实存在的,消费者的面子损失会影响失败后情绪,进而影响其抱怨倾向。     

离职倾向与行为表现的关系：自我效能感和主动性人格的调节作用

  员工离职一直以来是理论界和实务界关注的热点，对员工离职的研究主要聚焦于员工离职倾向和离职行为，并主要从个体和情景因素探讨员工离职倾向或离职行为的影响因素，但具有离职倾向却未发生实际离职行为的员工在组织中表现如何，还有待进一步研究。         根据计划行为理论，个体会基于自己的内在倾向采取相应的行为，但是内在倾向与行为之间的关系受到一定的约束，尤其受到个体是否能够决定或控制这种行为的影响。自我效能感反映了个体认为自己能够处理问题的信心，主动性人格则反映了个体是否具有按照自己的意愿采取行为的自主权，二者均反映了个体对行为的控制度。构建以离职倾向为前因变量，以自我效能感和主动性人格为调节变量，以任务绩效、帮助行为和反生产行为为结果变量的理论模型。基于886名员工和231名配对领导的两阶段数据，使用Mplus 7.0进行数据分析和假设检验。为避免领导评价的嵌套效应，采用三明治分析方法进行分析。         研究结果表明，①自我效能感正向调节离职倾向与反生产行为的正向关系，即高自我效能感的员工在相同水平离职倾向下会做出更多反生产行为；②主动性人格正向调节离职倾向与任务绩效的负向关系，即高主动性人格的员工在相同水平离职倾向下表现出更差的任务绩效；③主动性人格正向调节离职倾向与帮助行为的负向关系，即高主动性人格的员工在相同水平离职倾向下会做出更少帮助行为；④主动性人格正向调节离职倾向与反生产行为的正向关系，即高主动性人格的个体在相同水平离职倾向下会做出更多反生产行为。         研究发现离职意愿提高员工反生产行为，在产生离职倾向后高自我效能感和高主动人格的员工更会有消极表现。研究结果启示管理者需多观察员工行为，把握员工离职倾向，重视主动性人格可能存在的消极作用，引导主动性人格的员工发挥积极作用。     

组织公民行为对非正式组织行为的引导

非正式组织广泛存在于社会群体和社会组织中,非正式组织行为对正式组织发挥着正面或负面的影响。本文通过对组织公民行为与非正式组织行为二者的比较,来分析如何有效引导非正式组织行为,使非正式组织在正式组织中发挥积极的作用。     

员工离职倾向研究进展综述

员工的离职管理是组织人力资源管理的重要方面,如何有效地控制和预测员工的离职倾向成为学术研究的重要内容。相关研究结果表明,离职倾向是员工离职行为的最直接前因变量,可预测员工离职行为。笔者梳理了员工离职倾向的内涵、前因变量和测量的研究进展,并对员工离职倾向研究的未来发展趋势进行了分析。     

基于计算实验的企业员工反生产行为控制研究

基于计算实验理论的全新视角,对员工反生产行为(CWB)的演化及控制进行模拟研究。首先在员工心理定性分析的基础上,描述了理性与非理性因素影响下的CWB双系统决策机制,并在其中考虑了情境因素和从众行为。然后在不同风险偏好的前提下,建立了企业监管的非对称博弈模型。最后结合我国OEM企业案例,用多智能体模拟实验研究了企业正式与非正式约束对员工CWB的控制效果。结果表明:员工入职甄选是至关重要的,神经质型员工超过半数将会使CWB有加速扩散的趋势。要推行经济高效的内部控制机制,一味提高员工收入并不能有效的控制CWB,过于严苛的处罚标准既耗费成本又会引发员工的逆反情绪。在非正式约束中,加强组织伦理建设可以通过提升从众阈值减少CWB发生。而创造更具挑战和激情的工作环境,可以使员工对CWB的损失更为敏感。在小世界网络为主体的工作网络中,有机式组织结构比机械式组织更有益于员工行为的稳定,优化利用员工非正式沟通渠道间的弱关系对控制CWB十分有效。     

信息安全压力与员工违规意愿：被调节的中介效应

  信息技术和信息系统的应用对组织绩效的促进作用已经得到持续证明,信息已经成为重要资产。然而,组织员工有意或无意的信息安全违规行为往往会使企业承受巨大的信息安全风险,甚至给企业造成灾难性的损失。因此,员工的信息安全违规行为已经成为企业信息安全管理中需要重点关注的问题。已有研究探讨了员工信息安全违规行为的影响因素,但却存在研究结论不一致、脱离企业信息安全管理实践的局限,因而无法为企业如何控制和减少员工的信息安全违规行为提供有针对性的对策和建议。         基于应对理论和道德推脱理论,以道德推脱为中介变量、以信息安全意识为调节变量,构建被调节的中介效应模型,探讨信息安全压力对员工信息安全违规意愿的影响机制。以中国通过信息安全管理体系(ISO/IEC 27001)认证的企业员工为调研对象,收集318份有效问卷进行实证研究,综合运用逐步线性回归和被调节的路径分析方法进行统计分析和假设检验。         研究结果表明,信息安全压力对员工信息安全违规意愿有显著正向影响,并且道德推脱在两者之间起中介作用;信息安全意识对信息安全压力与道德推脱、道德推脱与信息安全违规意愿之间的关系均有负向调节作用;信息安全意识负向调节道德推脱在信息安全压力与信息安全违规意愿之间的中介作用,存在被调节的中介效应。也就是说,员工信息安全意识越高,道德推脱的中介作用越弱,反之越强。         研究结果明晰了信息安全压力对员工信息安全违规行为的影响机理,加深了对员工信息安全压力的理解,丰富了行为信息安全管理方面的研究,并对企业如何通过提高员工的信息安全意识、加强员工的职业道德培训来控制和减少员工的信息安全违规行为具有一定的指导意义。     

面子市场的营销策略

在人民生活水平整体提高的同时，富人也越来越多。”攀比”、“炫耀”、“象征”这些出自面子并因面子而强化的消费行为愈演愈烈，导致中国人或多或少都具有面子消费倾向和行为     

社会认同视角下谦卑型领导与员工主动性行为

基于社会认同理论，研究探讨了谦卑型领导对员工主动性行为的作用机制及边界条件.对78位领导和293位员工的匹配数据分析显示，谦卑型领导通过领导认同对员工主动性行为有间接的正向影响.此外，员工权力距离倾向是影响这一过程的重要边界条件.当员工权力距离倾向低时，谦卑型领导通过领导认同对员工主动性行为的积极影响会增强；反之，当员工权力距离倾向高时，这一积极影响不显著.研究从社会认同的视角为谦卑型领导的有效性及如何提高员工的主动性行为提供了理论依据和实证支持.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.