金融地理学视角下的区域金融创新需求与供给研究

强调区域制度因素、社会资本、文化等在金融发展中的作用的金融地理学可为区域金融创新研究提供新的视角和方法。我国各地区经济、文化、历史和制度差异决定了金融创新的供给和需求,金融创新的扩散效应具有明显的区域性。因此,以区域同质性为假设前提的金融创新供给政策和扩散措施在不同地区会有不同的效果,应结合各地区的金融地理特点,研究制定有针对性的金融创新政策,促进区域金融合作创新。     

基础研究与当代社会——谈历史地理学的建设和发展

历史地理学是研究历史时期地理环境变化、发展及其规律的学科。作为一种基础理论性学科,首先是客观、真实地恢复各地理要素在历史时期的本来面貌,其次是探索整个历史时期某一地理要素或某一区域综合地理要素变化和发展规律。但是,由于我们生活在与历史时期同一个地理环境之下,而今天的地理环境又是历史时期发展而来的,因此,对今天地理环境的认识、适应、保护和利用,就必须要了解其历史过程和规律。从这个意义上来说,历史地理学又是与当代社会发展密切相关的基础应用性学科。无论从基础理论研究角度,还是为当代社会服务需要出发,历史地理学领域还有许多问题有待进一步研究,需要进一步加强学科建设。     

Cultural Heritage and Historical Geography

文化遗产科学是一门覆盖许多学科领域的新型交叉学科。其中,历史地理学研究是认识历史文化遗迹形成和分布规律的一项重要基础,可分为历史自然地理、历史经济地理和历史人文地理三大领域。历史自然地理学研究人类历史时期的自然环境以及在人类活动影响下自然环境所发生的变化:历史经济地理学涉及所有经济活动的空间布局问题,包括许多具体的经济部门和领域;历史人文地理学研究人文活动的地理特征问题。此外,历史地理学文献对历史文化遗存也有重要作用。     

历史地理学研究主题的回顾与展望

通过对世界各地历史地理学研究主题的回顾和展望，作者以宏阔的视野、高屋建瓴地指出，过去地理的重建和地理变迁的研究，是历史地理学两大正统研究主题；新近发展的研究主题是地理变迁的过程、对过去地理的回顾与识觉以及历史地理模式等。作者还尖锐地指出，现在学术界将历史地理学二分为历史自然地理学和历史人文地理学，是一种错误的观念，应予以纠正。     

论海洋法上的保持占有原则与历史性权利

保持占有原则与历史性权利同属于习惯国际法的范畴,两者在历史性水域中产生重合。本文从保持占有原则与历史性权利在海洋法上的适用、互相影响及其法理基础和具体形式出发,分析和论证了海洋法上的保持占有原则与历史性权利的关系。一国适用保持占有原则可以继承先前的历史性权利,新的历史性权利则不得通过保持占有原则进行主张;在海洋法上,主张国"独立前是否为殖民地"和"主张海域是否具有主权性质"是划分保持占有原则与历史性权利界限的重要标准,而保持占有原则是将历史性权利具化为海洋权利的工具。     

伦敦出版《地理学的未来》一书

《地理学的未来》一书于1985年在伦敦出版,该书论述地理学的理论与方法及发展前景.作者认为,地理学的未来不仅有赖于今后的教学与研究,同时还取决于今后的工作实践.我们必须研究地理,但不是那种实证主义的、枯燥无味的地理,也不是那种不顾个人的行动自由的机械     

演化经济地理学:当代西方经济地理学发展的新方向

近年来演化思想日益受到经济地理学者的关注,演化经济地理已是西方地理学研究的一种新方向,尽管目前还没有统一的、明晰的概念和系统的理论.本文介绍了演化经济地理学在西方研究的基本状况,分析了演化经济地理学的基本主张、研究方法及其研究方向,提出了演化经济地理研究的4个基本层面:企业/组织层面、产业/区域层面、空间系统层面和制度层面.本文认为,演化经济地理在当前的经济地理领域可以大有作为,但其理论来源、理论内容和经验研究范围也存在着不足.     

侯仁之先生与文化遗产保护——兼谈历史地理研究对文化遗产保护的重要意义

本文通过对侯仁之先生关于现代历史地理学尤其是北京历史地理研究的回顾,探讨了他对于我国文化遗产保护事业所做的杰出贡献以及学术渊源,同时也总结了历史地理研究之于文化遗产保护事业的重要意义。     

加快黑龙江省经济结构调整的思考

经济结构的战略性调整是关系黑龙江省经济发展的关键问题,要实现这一战略性调整,解放思想,转变观念是前提.只有站在历史和现实的角度,充分认识国内、国际经济发展的新形势、新特点,才能够很好地把握方向,完成经济结构的战略性调整.在具体实施过程中,必须结合黑龙江省经济实际,遵循市场原则、效益原则、企业主体原则和区域经济原则,制定出切实可行的措施,做到重点突出,以点带面,尤其要率先抓好技术结构调整.     

区域协调发展立法的国际经验及其启示

区域协调发展是一种强调坚持均衡发展与非均衡发展相结合的动态协调发展战略.它不能只是体现在规划和政策上,更应该通过法律以制度的形式确立下来.在推动区域协调发展过程中,法律手段以其权威性和持久性具有其他行政手段不可替代的地位和作用.借鉴美国、日本、欧盟等国家和地区的区域协调发展立法的成功经验,将十分有利于加快我国区域协调发展立法.这些经验和启示主要有:区域协调发展立法必须与国家总体发展规划相适应;必须有行动计划和具体措施加以推进;必须依法设立专门机构保障法律发挥效应;必须做到中央立法与区域间的协定和协议相结合;必须构筑完善的区域协调发展法律体系;必须构建区域协调发展法律体系的基本骨架,并不断加以修正、补充和完善.     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.