Chinese Women Images in the American Literature in the Early Twentieth Century

二十世纪美国文学中的中国形象大概有两种,一种是“黄祸论”,另一种是典型的中国女性形象。在赛珍珠之前,没有小说对中国形象进行过正面描写,赛珍珠开之先河。她因对中国农民生活的真实描写获得了诺贝尔文学奖。本文则运用女权批评理论分析中国女性形象。赛珍珠笔下的女性多为沉默的女性。     

Women Succeeding in Science in the Twentieth Century

Sociological Forum -     

Regulating Heterosocial Space: Sexual Politics in the Early Twentieth Century

This essay proposes a reading of the vice commission reports of the early 20th century USA and Canada as exemplifying projects to regulate 'heterosocial space'. 'Heterosocial space' refers to the shifting and changing sites where young women and men come into contact and where transactions with potentially sexual dimensions arise or which others define in sexualized terms. 'Space' not only has a spatial, but also a temporal dimension exemplified in deep anxieties about the rapid expansion of the cities and life on street-corners after dark. The city was constituted as an arena of dispersed agencies of surveillance; a myriad of sites, including dance, halls, movie houses, ice cream parlors and skating rinks; department stores and city parks, which evaded attempts at systematic disciplinary supervision. Attention is paid to the closely textured interaction between official bodies and private agencies of moralization whose attempts at regulating heterosocial life involved an expansion of regulatory activities which were often ill-coordinated and conflictual. In the struggle between respectability and unrespectability, traditional notions of respectability were persistently submerged and outflanked. The vice reports can also be read as metaphorical narratives, such that prostitution can be seen as embracing multiple referents shifting from concern with 'commercial vice' to 'casual prostitution', and encompassing ideas of disease, disorder and transgression.     

Discontinuity and/in the Early Twentieth Century Ontario Juvenile Court

Abstract  Canada's juvenile court has become axiomatic. As such, it demands critical and historical questioning of its hegemony. It is in this spirit of critique that I highlight its arbitrariness. Two ruptures in the ostensibly smooth telos of Ontario's juvenile courts are discussed in this paper. First, I examine the precarious and uncertain inauguration of the Juvenile Delinquents Act. Second, I explore the Act's implementation in Toronto; particularly as it relates to the adversity juvenile court judge E.W. Boyd experienced. This examination provides a convenient backdrop against which to highlight the juvenile court's foible. I conclude with a call for a socio-historic strategy of open ended practico-critique of law and juvenile courts; informed by the emancipatory logic of "justice" to come.     

Career Prospects in the London Metropolitan Police in the Early Twentieth Century

Abstract One of the strategies increasingly used by employers in the nineteenth century to make work more efficient was the promise of internal promotion, based on uniformity of treatment and selection by merit. The Metropolitan Police had pursued this strategy since the establishment of the force in 1829. Presentations of the promotion system were couched in challenging language, promising to reward all conscientious officers with a rise to a higher rank. Promotion brought with it increased pay, better work conditions, greater authority and prestige, and for some officers real social and economic mobility. This paper examines the principles underlying the promotion system in the Metropolitan Police, the terms in which they were formulated and their application. Of crucial importance are these questions: Who benefitted from the opportunity offered by the Metropolitan Police? What was the relationship between rhetoric and policy? What personal factors helped determine upward mobility? Did the police offer real equality of opportunity? A computer-based analysis of the careers of all recruits to the Metropolitan Police at the turn of the century provides firm answers and suggests patterns of mobility outside the Metropolitan Police.     

Gender and Ethnic Differences in Marital Assimilation in the Early Twentieth Century1

Historical research on intermarriage has overlooked how distinctive patterns of ethnic settlement shape partner choice and assumed that the mate selection process operated the same way for men and women. This study utilizes a sample of youn married adults drawn from the 1910 Census IPUMS to examine 1) whether ethnic variation in partner choice was shaped by differences in group concentration and distribution and 2) if factors shaping outmarriage were gendered. About one fifth of young married Americans had spouses of a different ethnic background in 1910, though there was considerable ethnic variation in outmarriage propensities. Barriers to intermarriage fell at different rates, depending upon ethnic grou, sex, and region of settlement; they were weakest for first‐and seconl eneration English men. Structural factors such as group size operatef differently for men and women; while larger group representation increased men's odds of outmarriage to both native stock and other white ethnic wives, women from the ethnic groups with the largest presence were significantly more likely to wed fellow ethnics than the native stock. Ultimately, even if they resided in the same location, the marriage market operated in different ways for ethnic women and men in search of mates.     

Images of Disability in 19th Century British Children's Literature

The authors report on their investigation of some types of nineteenth century British children's periodical literature as a source of information regarding the social perception of disability of that time. A survey of the material in the Osborne Collection of early children's literature in the Toronto Public library suggests that the prevailing conception of disability of the time was of a fixed, divinely ordained state of being, viewed as having a global influence on the life of the disabled person. The disabled person was regarded as set apart from the rest of society by his or her disability.     

孙本文与20世纪上半叶的中国社会学

作为20世纪上半叶居于主流地位的社会学综合学派的代表人物,孙本文在其从事研究的近30年间对中国社会学的早期建设做出了突出贡献。留学美国哥伦比亚大学和芝加哥大学的经历直接影响到他从文化和心理因素入手,建构社会学综合学派的学术努力,这使他的学说带有鲜明的文化决定论和心理还原主义的色彩。在社会动荡、战争频仍的年代,孙本文充当了中国社会学建设者和评论者的双重角色,最早尝试用社会学理论来推动苦难中国的社会建设,并致力于创建一种中国化的社会学理论体系。这些努力,既反映了知识分子面对危机时的天真与无奈,也反映了社会学家介入现实时的执拗与不甘。而1949年革命胜利之前由他个人写成的《当代中国社会学》,庶几也就成了即将黯然退场的旧中国社会学家们的集体谢幕词。     

Urbanization, Disadvantage, and Petty Entrepreneurship: Street Peddling among African American Men in Southern and Northern Cities during the Early Twentieth Century

Two theories attempt to explain why minority groups are often involved in small-scale entrepreneurial activities. The urban adjustment hypothesis holds that when such groups urbanize, their members establish themselves economically through self-employment in pursuits that require little start-up capital. The disadvantage theory argues that exclusion from the labor market impels members of oppressed groups to become self-employed in marginal enterprises. Applying these theories, I use census data to analyze the participation of African American men in street peddling during the pre-World War II era. Consistent with the urban adjustment hypothesis, the involvement of African American men in street peddling increased markedly when African Americans urbanized during the period from 1890 to 1940. Consistent with disadvantage theory, the involvement of African American men in street peddling was positively associated with labor market disadvantage. Finally, in southern cities, African American men were overrepresented in street peddling, a finding that suggests that these men had a niche in the petty-trading sector of the South's informal economy.     

Early African American Social Welfare Pioneer Women

Abstract

This article uses selective aspects of the careers of Ida Bell Wells-Barnett, Lugenia Burns Hope, Elizabeth Ross Haynes and Janie Porter Barrett to provide a critical overview of the ways that African American women addressed the needs of their communities through social welfare services during the early part of the twentieth century. Furthermore, the article also shows how individual and collective forms of empowerment helped to build private social institutions to address the community's needs.     

Residential Segregation by Race and the Black Merchants of Northern Cities During the Early Twentieth Century

During the early 20th century, many Blacks in northern cities entered the retail trade, supposedly because residential segregation was advantageous to Black merchants. Building upon historical studies of Blacks in the urban North and upon the sociological literature on Black business enterprise, I use census data to analyze the relationship between (1) the spatial isolation of Blacks and (2) the representation of Blacks in the retail trade. I find that between 1900 and 1930 the association between these two variables became significantly positive. This finding corroborates historical case studies, and I conclude that after segregated Black communities emerged in northern cities at the end of the study period, spatial isolation did increase the participation of Blacks in the retail trade.     

Robin Williams and the Long Twentieth Century of American Sociology … or Back to the Future

In this essay, I reflect on the ways elements of Robin M. Williams Jr.'s research agenda might be carried forth in a meaningful way to sociological studies of twenty-first-century phenomena—in particular identifying the ways in which the facts of human interaction, of human expectation, and of human influence shapes outcomes of significance for our present, our future, and, therefore, our past.     

Locating Footbinding: Variations across Class and Space in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century China*

In this article I look at footbinding as a social and cultural practice embedded in the daily life conditions of women and their families. I sketch a picture of variations based primarily on regional and class differences in nineteenth and early twentieth century practices of footbinding and in efforts to eradicate them. The period in question is one of interest precisely because it is a time of transition. I look simultaneously at footbinding as a practice and as a target of criticism, defense, and transformation. This allows me to consider the ways in which it was practiced by women to represent, shape, and constrain their own, their daughters,' and their families' cultural, social, economic, and political lives. Relying largely on missionary journals, personal histories, diaries, and travel writing, I examine the practice and the demise of footbinding in various social and spatial locations. Although sources which permit a close look at embedded social practices of footbinding are scarce, it seems clear that both the practice of various forms of footbinding and the process of its eventual demise involved strategies, conflicts, and habits which differed along gender, class, and geographic lines of distinction. I suggest that the variety of forms the practice of footbinding took in lived experience of women's social lives is not incidental to its conceptualization and meaning, but rather central to it.     

Consuming Orientalism: Images of Asian/American Women in Multicultural Advertising

Past research has analyzed the gendered constructs of American consumption practices that underlie marketed images in the print media. This article re-considers the cultural constructs of multicultural advertisement strategies in the new global era. Based on an analysis of three advertisement campaigns, our contention is that the normalcy and positionality of White males in the U.S. society rely on the racialized and gendered representations of Asian/American women as the Other. It is argued that the emerging global culture has been packaged, commodified and marketed by multi-national corporations in a manner that widens their range of cultural repertoires but resurrects traditional hierarchies of American Orientalism.     

A Sociological Look at Biofuels: Ethanol in the Early Decades of the Twentieth Century and Lessons for Today

Abstract This article develops a broad sociological understanding of why biofuels lost out to leaded gasoline as the fuel par excellence of the twentieth century, while drawing comparisons with biofuels today. It begins by briefly discussing the fuel‐scape in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, examining the farm chemurgic movement, New Deal agricultural policies, mechanization trends within agriculture, and, finally, the invention of leaded gasoline. The second half of the article applies insights from that historical analysis to the biofuel craze currently under way. By employing a political‐economy interpretation of the socioeconomic context combined with a path‐dependency‐informed analysis of the technological trajectories, the article reveals the social forces that structured the trends and outcomes in biofuel innovations across the two eras.     

Kings and Scapegoats in Twentieth Century Families and Corporations

No abstract available for this article.