Urban growth in China: past, prospect, and its impacts

Rapid growth and globalization of the domestic economy have dramatically accelerated urbanization in China, resulting in significant environmental impacts and challenges for sustainable development. Using a multistate model accounting for distributional aspects of age, sex, education, and migration in rural and urban regions, we estimate the magnitude of urbanization in China through 2030 and examine some major associated sustainability issues. Results indicate that: (1) for a range of assumptions, China’s urban population will nearly double from 2000 to 2030; (2) the labor force will constitute a larger share of total population in urban areas than rural due to internal migration of younger workers—this appears particularly true for the mega-urban metropolises of Beijing and Shanghai; (3) rural populations will experience more aging than urban; and (4) level of education among China’s rural labor force will remain low, which could pressure China’s industrial structural transition from an agricultural to a service-based economy.     

21世纪上半叶我国各级学校适龄人口数量变动趋势分析

在人口预测结果的基础上 ,本文分析了我国 2 1世纪上半叶各级学校适龄人口数量的变动趋势。结果表明 :( 1)在不同的人口预测方案下 ,2 1世纪上半叶我国各级学校教育适龄人口的规模将有较大的差别 ;( 2 ) 2 1世纪上半叶 ,我国各级学校的适龄人口数量都将有较大幅度的减少 ,这为我国未来教育事业进一步发展创造了较好的条件 ;( 3)尽管各级学校的适龄人口数都会减少 ,但是 ,各级学校适龄人口规模减少的过程并不是同步的 ;( 4 )下世纪上半叶 ,我国的适龄人口规模虽然从总的趋势上讲将减少 ,但是 ,这种减少的过程不是始终如一的 ,中间伴随有相当大的波动 ;( 5)在适龄人口总规模趋于减少的同时 ,城镇和乡村适龄人口规模的变动方向并不相同。     

出生率变化对高等教育的影响研究

建国以来,我国出生率发生了重大转变,随着90年代以来人口出生率的逐年下降,我国高等教育将面临学生数量下滑趋势,未来高等院校将会出现生源不足的困境。但是,由于目前我国高等教育入学率还比较低,加之政府财政时高等教育支持的力度也还有很大提升空阅,因此,尽管出生率会不断下降,但对高等院校整体上生存不会受太大的影响。     

中国未来发展面临的淡水资源问题及对策

中国的淡水资源总量处于世界较低水平 ,人均占有量只有世界平均水平的 1/4。现阶段 ,淡水资源已经成为影响中国经济和社会发展的因素。如果不尽快采取适当措施的话 ,下世纪淡水资源将成为制约中国经济和社会发展的重要因素。因此中国的淡水资源的利用必须按照可持续发展战略的要求 ,提出适应本国经济发展和人口增长的对策     

西部大开发与人口健康之间的双向关系

本文分析了东西部人口健康水平的差异及造成这种差异的因素 ,探讨了西部大开发与提高人口健康水平之间的双向关系。主要结果如下 :( 1)东西部人口健康水平存在显著的差异 ;( 2 )西部大开发对增进西部人口健康将产生巨大的影响 ;( 3)提高人口健康水平可以提高“生存资本”和人力资本存量 ;( 4 )应充分发挥人口健康在西部大开发中的作用 ,打破西部地区贫困和疾病之间的恶性循环 ,不断培育西部地区可持续发展的能力     

“四普”至“五普”间中国城镇化的发展

利用中国第四次人口普查和第五次人口普查的资料 ,分析了在“四普”至“五普”期间中国城镇化的发展状况及出现的问题 ,揭示了中国城镇化发展的地域差异。在 2 1世纪中国的城镇化仍将快速发展 ,如何克服中国城镇化过程中所出现的问题 ,进而引导中国的城镇化朝着健康、有序的方向发展 ?这是一个至关重要的问题。     

稳定低生育水平是缓解“四二一”担忧的一个安民告示

自我国实行计划生育政策以来．“四二一”家庭的问题受到人们的广泛关注。本文从人口学、社会学的角度分析认为“四二一”家庭不会成为我国家庭的主要人口结构形式．但如果生育率持续过低、过久则有可能引发倒金字塔型的社会人口结构。本文根据中国国家老龄委公布的“人口老龄化百年人口预测数据”。对我国高、中、低三种生育方案进行比较,发现把总和生育率稳定在1.8±0.1的中方案是比较适合我国21世纪人口发展的方案。避免生育率过低或过高既能控制我国人口总量增长过快。又能避免人口老龄化的程度和速度加剧．是控制人口与缓解人口老龄化的最优平衡点．     

我国第一代独生子女家庭的养老问题研究

我国30多年的计划生育政策产生了数以亿计的独生子女人口,数量庞大的独生子女父母将渐次跨入老龄行列,现实的养老困境和养老风险正在迫近第一代独生子女及其父母和家庭,中国即将迎来独子养老时代。其中,独生子女空巢家庭可能会面临更多、更大的养老问题,尤其是那些独生子女残缺家庭。文章基于现有研究所集中论述的问题做出评述,并就所关心的有关问题做出进一步的探讨。     

性别失衡下的人口健康与公共安全:国际视野与历史经验

在经济社会转型之际,中国因出生性别比和女婴死亡水平的持续偏高而即将面临严峻的性别结构失衡问题。大规模的男性过剩人口将对人口健康特别是公共健康与安全造成什么样的风险成为政府成功应对挑战的关注点。在目前尚缺乏直接证据的前提下,基于国际的视野和历史经验,从个体人口健康、公共健康与安全两个层次,对不同时期和文化环境下有关性别失衡与健康风险的研究进行系统的综述,识别出男性过剩的人口环境将引发的健康风险的类型和危害程度,在比较分析的基础上,提出应对中国性别失衡背景下健康风险的政策建议,讨论未来该领域的研究方向。     

社区养老服务的发展方向：专业化、产业化和规模化

社区养老将成为我国养老新趋势，将成为解决人口老龄化问题的重要举措。关于社区养老服务的发展方向问题，本文认为应在政府的政策指导下走产业化、专业化、规模化的道路．构建一个适合我国国情的完善的社区养老服务模式。     

中国养老模式研究综述

大力促进社会化养老 ,从家庭养老向社会养老过渡 ,是我国养老模式发展的必然趋势。家庭养老与社会养老的区别在于承担养老责任不同。社会养老具有社会再分配功能 ,从而实现社会范围的公平化。虽然学者们各持其说 ,但养老模式仍不外乎以下几类 :完整的家庭养老、社会养老、自我养老 ,不完整的家庭养老、社会养老、自我养老和居家养老等。而在我国 ,以家庭为主的养老模式还会持续很长时间 ,且最终会被社会养老模式所取代。我国目前的养老工作尚需深入研究     

中国的人口老龄化经济压力及其调控

运用作者提出的AECI指数法并借助人口模拟,对1980～2050年中国人口老龄化经济压力的强度、趋势和调控进行系统的定量分析和国际比较,发现:本世纪上半叶中国将面临巨大的人口老龄化经济压力,按中方案预测,2020年代中至2030年代末将是压力增大最快时期,压力高峰将出现在2040年前后,高峰时的压力将可能达到2010年压力的4倍;巨大的人口老龄化经济压力将有可能显著地削弱中国崛起的后劲;缓解未来人口老龄化经济压力必须以经济手段为主、人口手段为辅;在坚持计划生育基本国策的前提下中等幅度逐步放宽现行生育政策,既可有效地缓解未来人口老龄化经济压力,又可同时将人口规模压力控制在可承受范围内,这是调控中国人口老龄化经济压力的合理路径。     

Searching for balanced development

It is significant in China, as the day of 5 billion is commemorated, that the Government has shown its full committment to a family planning program that has been internationally acknowledged as one of the most successful efforts in the world today. Since 1979, the annual population growth rate in China has gone down from 2.7% to an annual average of around 1.2%. In fact, because China makes up more than 1/5 of the world's population, the overall growth rate achieved worldwide has been reduced to about 2%. This is heavily due to the achievements of the Chinese family planning program. Even as China has lowered its birthrate, its rate of agricultural production has rapidly risen. At present, China is doing well in grain production. Although the per capita income in China is still comparatively low, the country is able to feed its citizens, and the famines that used to be a big problem are now but a bad memory. As the close relationship between population and development is observed, there is some controversy about the effects and impact of family planning on development. The belief is held that the more people there are in this world, the more progress there will be because more brains, hands, and energy will be harnessed for development. As has also been noted, however, a person is not just head and hands--a person has a mouth to feed, as well. Thus, there is a need to balance the number of people with the resources of the society. If the rate of population growth outstrips economic and social production, then hunger and poverty will result, as the fruits of development will be eaten up too rapidly.     

中国失业阶段性转换特点及对策研究

近20多年,中国的失业经历了由隐性失业向显性失业的转化,为此,中国承受了巨大的总量失业的压力。而从发展趋势看,中国总量失业将会逐渐减压,而结构性失业将日益突显,同时外生性失业弱化,内生性失业强化。因此,在政策层面上,必须对中国失业阶段性转换特点给予密切的关注,并不失时机地将总量控制为主的就业政策转向结构控制为主的就业政策。     

中国人口城镇化战略研究

文章重点分析人口城镇化的中国特色;在对人口城镇化未来发展趋势判断的基础上,提出具体的战略目标、路径和举措。研究表明,人口城镇化将成为我国未来社会发展的基本国情,将对未来繁荣发展的源泉和动力产生重大影响;目前中国人口城镇化面临滞后于工业化、土地城镇化,户籍人口城镇化滞后于常住人口城镇化等问题;"十二五"期间中国人口城镇化发展方向将由单纯速度向速度与质量并重转变,改革进入以推进深度人口城镇化为特征、促进城乡一体化的新阶段;需要把人口城镇化作为深化改革的主导力量,以扩大城镇就业、户籍制度改革为基本导向,大力提高人口城镇化水平和质量,推动城乡公共服务均等化,走出一条中国特色人口城镇化道路。     

The end of population growth in Asia

This paper presents probabilistic population projections for five regions of Asia (South Asia, Central Asia, China region, Pacific OECD and Pacific Asia) and Asia as a whole. Over this century, Asia will experience very heterogeneous demographic development: Central Asia is expected to almost double in population and South Asia will become by far the world’s most populous region, rapidly surpassing the China region. Simultaneously, the Pacific OECD countries are likely to shrink in population size and experience extreme population ageing. The proportion of the population aged 60 and above in these countries (with Japan having the greatest weight) is expected to reach 50 per cent of the total population (with the 95 per cent uncertainty interval ranging from 35 to 61 per cent). The China region will experience a more rapid speed of ageing, with the proportion aged 60 and above expected to increase by a factor of four from 10 per cent in 2000 to 39 per cent in 2100.     

A discussion of the effect of development of commodity economy on rural fertility trend in the countryside]

A long-term commodity economy in China, according to this report, will help to improve family planning and to decrease the population. The new economic reforms have brought a commodity economy to rural areas of China and the result is an improved level of productivity and a higher standard of living. At this stage in China's economic development, many couples want to have more than 1 child which they could not afford before. This poses a new problem for family planning objectives. As the economy has shifted from a partially self-contained economy to a commodities-based one, more rural inhabitants want more children for the following reasons: 1) the economic system in China is based on the production of individual households (since agriculture in China today is still carried out by manual laborers, the household productivity rate is determined by the number of laborers it can provide); 2) as rural inhabitants have a higher income than before, they are no longer worried about fines; 3) decentralization reduces the governments financial resources and it is unable to follow through with, e.g., promises of 1-child family incentives and bonuses, and welfare. As a result, families do not uphold the family planning objectives. Family planning will eventually overcome these problems, however, through promotion of family planning campaigns and as the commodity economy advances and becomes more thoroughly developed. The author states that China is currently in the midst of an economic transition period which, once over, will see a decrease in the overall population.     

中国人口空间分布形态模拟与预测--基于“五普”和“六普”的分县尺度人口密度研究

人口空间分布不平衡是一个普遍现象,但其“是否有分布和统计规律”的研究议题非常鲜见。通过中国第五次和第六次人口普查的分县尺度数据模拟出中国分县尺度人口密度的概率分布函数,并进行概率分布预测,分析了未来中国人口分布统计特征。主要结论有：模拟显示,中国分县尺度人口密度符合对数正态分布形态;以2000年分县尺度数据的前向（未来）预测检验和2010年数据的后向（过去）预测检验发现,“人均产出”和“地均产出”两个条件能很好地模拟未来人口密度的分布规律;以2010年分县尺度为基础预测了2020－2100年的中国人口密度概率分布特征和趋势,结果显示中国人口分布极化特征将持续加大,例如2050年,无人区（小于1人／平方公里）的县域比例将从当前的1.02％（29个）增加到4.49％（128个）,超高密集区（大于30000人／平方公里）的区县比例将从0.11％（3个）增加到3.93％（112个）。     

21世纪中国可持续发展面临的人口困境与对策

21世纪 ,中国将面临更加严峻的人口形势。人口数量继续增长、人口素质低、人口高龄化速度快是制约中国可持续发展的关键因素。为了给中国未来经济、社会发展创造更加适宜的人口环境 ,必须坚定不移地实行低生育率政策 ,控制人口数量过快增长 ;通过人力资本投资工程并构建人力资本投资与回报机制 ,有效地开发和利用人力资源 ;建立符合中国实际的养老保障体制     

China Faces Five Demographic Problems： NPFPC Minister Zhang

Despite the remarkable achievements China has madein its population program, the next 20 years willcontinue to see an annual net increase of 10 millionpeople in China, experts say.As China moves from a single-focus approach –quantitative control – to a multiple-thrust approach(combining quantitative controls with qualitativeimprovements and structural rationalization), theDecember 2004country faces even stiffer challenges in its populationprogram, according to Zhang Weiqing, minister ofthe…