Between Tradition and Transition: Workers With Family Responsibilities

This paper briefly summarizes the demographic and social changes in Australian families that have focused attention on the interconnections between work and family life. The impacts that employment has on family functioning and the pressures of family life that impinge on the work environment will be discussed. The main theme of the paper explores the apparent confusion and lack of consensus on the part of government and the community at large toward the appropriate roles of men and women in the family and the boundaries that should exist between work and family life. Finally, policy implications of the ambivalence about work and family roles as reflected in government and corporate responses to workers with family responsibilities is addressed.     

宋元转变的汉人精英家族：儒户身份，家学传统与书院

1315年恢复科举制度前后,士大夫家庭已通过兴办书院从而把利用教育作为维护社会地位和经济地位的战略。元初那些通过资助,兴办或以其他形式与书院联系,从而维护儒学学术传统的家族,获得入仕的有利机会。元朝建立后,书院时南方士大夫家庭的命运起着重要作用。书院除了为书院山长提供潜在的仕途外,还帮助元朝指定的儒户,即传统的士绅家庭维持特权。元初,恢复科举制度前,通过建立和扩大书院对当地教育有所贡献的家庭,经常受到官方任命作为奖赏。除了具有教育传统的家庭兴办书院,那些自南宋起就存在的家塾,为元代的书院奠定了基础。元代的书院,既是国家教育机构的组成部分,也是南北方汉族士人——以及非汉族士人——通过坚持儒家教育传统而保持地位的手段。     

家礼与家族整合:明代东山葛氏的个案分析

明代山东德平葛氏家族因为"三朝尚书"葛守礼的崛起而成为当地的望族,葛氏家族典型地体现了科举时代新仕宦阶层家族成长和发展的一般特征.为了承家久远,葛氏家族缘俗制礼,制订了<家礼摘要>,并利用家礼来敬宗收族、凝聚人心.通过解析葛氏家礼的撰述与实践,探讨家礼如何在不同时间营造出有利于家族联谊的"关系性空间",如何构建具有广泛包容性的血缘网络,并达至家族整合的目标.由家达乡,家礼最终是实现中国传统社会家邦和谐的"治世工具".     

Demographic Transition

Some forecasts based on possible trends in population in Russia suggest that it may be possible to achieve stabilization of the population. However, the actual demographic situation and the conditions in Russian society raise doubt about this, and about the possibility of sustaining and enhancing the quality of an aging and declining population. Russia's future and the possibilities for successful modernization of the economy and its transition to an innovative path of development depend on the quality and structure of the population.     

Social Budgeting in Transition Economies

The first part of this paper portrays social budgeting as a pivotal tool in national social governance. The second explains the meaning of social budgeting, which, essentially, consists of two elements: a database and a set of interdependent tools for projecting social protection revenue and expenditure. The third part discusses the particular needs of the transition economies with respect to the financial planning of social protection, and it is argued that countries need models for social budgeting as a technical, non-ideological tool in order to prudently run social protection systems which are income redistribution mechanisms of potentially vast dimensions. The fourth part broadly explains the modular structure of the model, the advantage of this structure being that modules can intelligently be used as stand-alone submodels. It also further discusses the particular advantages of social budgeting in countries in transition and includes a number of examples of technical adjustments that would have to be made to the model structure when applying it in the context of transitional economies. The two main reasons for such adjustments are identified as the fast change of their socio-economic fabric over the past decade and the (related) changes in the collection and flow of data. The fifth part briefly presents social budget modelling projects implemented in central and eastern Europe, particularly focusing on the examples of Ukraine and Poland. Scenario simulations and policy experiments are presented and discussed. The conclusions summarize the advantages of social budgeting, using the ILO Social Budget Model (or a variant of it) in national and international contexts, and indicate the conditions required for successful implementation.     

共财与家法——宋代饶阳李氏家族探析

宋代饶阳李氏家族以共财和家法而为时人称道,在北宋前期即被视为能够保守门阀的代表性宰相家族。本文从这两个方面对李氏家族进行了一些剖析。在宋代社会条件下,官僚家族的共财被认为是世所难及的事情。共财之难在于管理,李氏家族在财产管理方面颇有自己的特点。数代同居的李氏家族,设有专门的仓库。财产入库之后,各种消费则有详细的规矩,并形成成文的财产管理法规。在李氏家法和家风的作用下,李氏家族在较好地处理内部关系的同时,也十分重视时外部关系的处理。两方面社会关系的处理,对李氏家族的门阀维持和家族发展,均起着重要的作用。宋代官僚家族大都重视同族之间的共财,并借助其财产关系进行家法和家风的建设。这种努力的成功与否,直接影响着官僚家族门阀的维持。     

旨在维护家庭功能的家庭政策探索

当今中国急剧的社会变迁增加了个体的流动性,而家庭为个体提供福利的功能也在减弱,分析我国现行的家庭政策在支持家庭增强福利提供功能方面政策指向不明确,建议建立以维护家庭功能为主旨的由家庭经济安全保障和家庭福利服务为主要内容的家庭政策体系。     

Transition to Parenthood

Time limits, task assignments and mutual aid underpinnings form the basis for this six-session model of group work, specifically adapted to meet the needs of parents-to-be. Grounded philosophically in the developmental life model of social work practice, this time-limited mutual aid group approach incorporates elements from Schwartz' reciprocal (mutual aid) model, crisis, and task-centered approaches. The article stresses the preventive implications of group support and psychological preparation for couples in the critical period of their transition to first-time parenthood.     

Racial Differences in Family Burden

This article examines the clinical implications for social work practice of the differential impact of caregiving strain according to race. Data for this report is drawn from a study of 810 patients in a community-based geriatric assessment center. Although this research found no essential difference, based on race, in the experience of family burden as a social problem, there was a difference within the interaction of race and the care for an elderly person with Alzheimer's disease. The authors suggest a classification scheme of specific interventions for different caregiving groups and subgroups, based on both race and relationship; these selected variables can provide more insight into possible vulnerable caregiving conditions.     

Family forms in historic Europe

Richard Wall in collaboration with Jean Robin and Peter Laslett (eds), Family Forms in Historic Europe (1983) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £39.50).     

印度妇女在家庭中的地位

在独立了 5 0余年的今日印度 ,妇女的地位仍然是一个突出的社会问题 ,而正如印度学者尼拉·德赛所指出 ,“如果妇女在家庭中的合法权利得不到保障 ,她的平等便不能成为现实。”1作为社会生活的重要组成部分 ,包括婚姻、生育子女、家庭成员之间的赡养和继承等方面在内的家庭生活 ,直接关系到公民的男女平等和财产权利等重大社会问题。在家庭中的地位既是妇女社会地位的基础 ,又是衡量这一地位的标尺。本文拟对独立 5 0年之际的印度妇女在家庭中的地位和处境作一考察 ,并对造成这一现状的原因加以探讨。一、国家大力促进妇女的发展在印度 ,关…     

Violence in the American Family

The paper reviews current knowledge on violence between family members in the United States, including how and why family violence became a topic of interest after years of being masked by a public and professional perceptual blackout. It presents data from a nationally representative sample of 2,143 American families that measured the extent of child abuse, wife abuse, husband abuse, and violence between siblings. The paper then reports differences in child abuse rates according to factors such as the age and sex of the child, family income, occupation, stress, unemployment, social isolation, and previous exposure or experience with violence. It is suggested that the roots of family violence lie in the organization of the family and in the implicit cultural norms tolerating or approving violence as a means for social control.     

The Sole Parent Family: Family and Support Networks

This paper reports on a research project that focused on the experiences of ten sole parents and their support networks. Results indicate that they relied both on informal support networks and welfare organizations in the initial period of sole parenthood but that this reliance waned over time. Participants accessed church groups, cancer support groups, governmental agencies, financial institutions, and counselling services. After the initial use of support networks, many of them became involved in recreational activities that they had not participated in during the course of their marriage. They emphasized the importance of friends who were influential in assisting them to cope with the initial stresses of sole parenting. Most were critical and disillusioned about the level and type of assistance from the extended family and the emotionally charged responses to their situation. They were also critical of Government services and felt stigmatised by the treatment they received.