中国刑事诉讼法再修改概览(英文)

自1979年刑事诉讼法公布实施以来,中国刑事诉讼体系的构建逐步走过了一条精致化、细腻化的发展历程,形成了相对完整的刑事诉讼框架,并逐步实现了与世界现代刑事诉讼理念的衔接。2012年3月14日《全国人民代表大会关于修改〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的决定》的通过,凸显了中国立法机关保障人权、推进法治现代化建设的巨大努力,也是对长期改革成果的巩固和吸收。全面审视此次刑事诉讼修正案的框架内容,对于今后刑事诉讼体系的继续完善具有重要意义。     

The Good Life: Criticism and Construction of Urban Meaning

自1979年刑事诉讼法公布实施以来, 中国刑事诉讼体系的构建逐步走过了一条精 致化、细腻化的发展历程, 形成了相对完整的刑事诉讼框架, 并逐步实现了与世界现 代刑事诉讼理念的衔接。2012年3月14日?全国人民代表大会关于修改〈中华人民共和 国刑事诉讼法〉的决定?的通过, 凸显了中国立法机关保障人权、推进法治现代化建 设的巨大努力, 也是对长期改革成果的巩固和吸收。全面审视此次刑事诉讼修正案的 框架内容, 对于今后刑事诉讼体系的继续完善具有重要意义。

Since the enactment of China’s Criminal Procedure Law in 1979, China’s criminal procedure system has undergone a process of refinement and elaboration. A relatively complete framework for the criminal procedure system has been constructed that fits in well with contemporary international thinking on criminal procedure. The Decision on Amending the Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China passed by the National People’s Congress on March 14, 2012 highlights China’s strenuous efforts in protecting human rights and promoting the modernization of the legal system. It also demonstrates the consolidation and absorption of the achievements of China’s continuing reforms. A review of the main content of the Amendment to Criminal Procedure Law is highly significant for the further improvement of the system.     

《唐律疏议》所见唐代审判责任制度

《唐律疏议》把案件的误判情况分为“故出”“故人”“失出”“失人”四种类型,并规定了处罚原则。案件判决实行连署制度,联署判案出现误判,则分为“同职犯公坐”和“同职有私余官不觉”两种类型,连署之官根据自身在四等官制中的地位,负相应的连带责任。     

司法改良和不彻底主义——基于刑事诉讼法再修改中证据部分的分析(英文)

2012年中国《刑事诉讼法修正案》对证据制度进行了修正,较修改前的内容有进步之处,也存在若干不足。例如,立法中虽然认同反对强迫自证其罪,但却并不认同沉默权,而且保留了行为人的供述义务;对"威胁"、"引诱"和"欺骗"这些非法取供行为发出宽容的信号;对非法搜查、扣押的取证行为缺乏坚决遏制的立法态度;对保证证人出庭作证来说,虽然规定了人身安全保障、经济补偿和司法处分措施,却没有规定这一制度最为重要的传闻证据规则,等等。     

社区矫正立法新进展及完善

社区矫正是刑罚执行制度改革的一项尝试。从先行试点到正式立法已经走过了七年有余。立法是对改革成果的肯定。刑法修正案（八）将社区矫正制度正式纳入，具有重要的现实意义。可是，过于原则的立法仍然存在社区矫正适用范围狭窄、执行主体不明确、立法衔接不协调等问题。对此，应当进一步加以完善，以便使社区矫正制度的实施更加顺利。     

SPECIAL ISSUE： FOCUSING ON THE REVISION OF CHINA＇S CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW IN 2012 Revival and Development of the Criminal Reconciliation System in China

随着和谐社会治国方针的提出与宽严相济刑事政策的深化，中国刑事和解制度呈现出不断拓展的态势。2012年新《刑事诉讼法》以“特别程序”编的形式，专章规定了“刑事和解”，第一次在《刑事诉讼法》中全面确立了中国式的刑事和解制度。但就目前立法来看，刑事和解程序设置还相对粗放，也存在诸多争议。刑事和解未来发展方向应当强化规则性完善与制度性建设。     

新刑事诉讼法之于新闻报道的影响分析

将于2013年正式实施的《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》,是我国刑事诉讼法第二次＂大修＂的＂正果＂,其影响重大、广泛而深远。比对新、旧刑事诉讼法,可以清晰地看到它们之间的异同。其对新闻报道的影响主要有三点：一是保持了新闻报道刑事案件的大方向,二是更严格地控制了刑事案件的信息传播,三是对未成年人刑事案件进行了专门规定。     

Judicial Amendment and Lack of Thoroughness: Analysis of Provisions on Evidence in the Amendment to the Criminal Procedure Law

2012年中国?刑事诉讼法修正案?对证据制度进行了修正, 较修改前的内容有进 步之处, 也存在若干不足。例如, 立法中虽然认同反对强迫自证其罪, 但却并不认同 沉默权, 而且保留了行为人的供述义务; 对“威胁”, “引诱”和“欺骗”这些非法 取供行为发出宽容的信号; 对非法搜查、扣押的取证行为缺乏坚决遏制的立法态度; 对保证证人出庭作证来说, 虽然规定了人身安全保障, 经济补偿和司法处分措施, 却 没有规定这一制度最为重要的传闻证据规则, 等等。关键词: 刑事诉讼 司法改良 证据制度 不彻底主义

China’s Amendment to the Criminal Procedure Law of 2012 revises the provisions on rules of evidence. There are a number of positive changes compared to the original text, but some shortcomings still exist. For instance, although the legislation recognizes the right against compulsory self-incrimination, it does not acknowledge the right to silence and retains the obligation of the accused to confess; the amended provisions are more tolerant of the use of illegal tactics like “threats,” “enticement” and “deceit” to obtain confessions; the legislative approach does not resolutely deter unlawful search and seizure in the collection of evidence; and although there are provisions for protection of personal safety, financial compensation and judicial sanctions to ensure that witnesses appear before court to testify, there are no provisions on the most important rule in the evidence system, the hearsay rule.     

Revival and Development of the Criminal Reconciliation System in China

Abstract

随着和谐社会治国方针的提出与宽严相济刑事政策的深化, 中国刑事和解制度呈 现出不断拓展的态势。2012年新?刑事诉讼法?以“特别程序”编的形式, 专章规定 了“刑事和解”, 第一次在?刑事诉讼法?中全面确立了中国式的刑事和解制度。但就 目前立法来看, 刑事和解程序设置还相对粗放, 也存在诸多争议。刑事和解未来发展 方向应当强化规则性完善与制度性建设。

With the adoption of the governance policy of a harmonious society and with the further strengthening of the criminal policy of mitigating severity with leniency, China’s criminal reconciliation system is undergoing rapid development. In the 2012 Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China, criminal reconciliation is stipulated in a separate chapter under “Special Procedures,” thereby comprehensively establishing for the first time a criminal reconciliation system with Chinese characteristics in the Criminal Procedure Law. However, China’s legislation on criminal reconciliation remains relatively broad-brush and controversial. Improved regulation and system construction now point the way for future development.     

从国际环境法的发展看全球环境治理——兼评国际法院等组织的角色定位

国际法院一直以来被视为解决涉及环境问题纠纷的首选场所,但包括"纸浆厂案"在内的一系列案件,逐渐暴露了国际法院应对复杂事实和特定区域环境问题的不足。国际法院虽然对国际环境法的发展做出了一定的贡献,但它是否能够满足不断增长的全球环境治理的需求,维系其在环境争端中的重要角色,近年来持续受到各方的批评和质疑。     

论新刑法中的无过当之防卫

正当防卫是刑法规定的排除社会危害性行为的一种表现形式.为了鼓励广大群众见义勇为,积极同严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪作斗争,为了更有效地惩罚犯罪,保护人民,1997年修订的刑法对正当防卫制度进行了修改,增加了关于无过当之防卫的规定.     

比较法视域下西方国家刑事搜查证明标准考察——以完善我国刑事搜查证明标准为视角

伴随我国司法体制改革的逐步深入和社会主义法律体系的全面建构,《刑事诉讼法》的再修改势在必行,特别是随着刑事侦查理论的不断完善,被搜查人的人权保障日益受到学界的普遍关注,而作为《刑事诉讼法》重要内容之一的"刑事搜查证明标准"部分的规定却极不完善,相关司法解释对于被搜查人权利实现之救济机制亦存在诸多缺陷。且这些缺陷在《刑事诉讼法》再修改草案中并未得到实质性的改变。当前应借鉴西方国家刑事搜查证明标准的合理内核,从不断完善我国搜查行为的证明标准、被搜查人权利救济途径以及相关配套制度等方面着手,重构我国刑事搜查证明标准。     

Social Justice and the Reform of Social Security

There have been massive increases over the years in expenditure on the public services loosely grouped together as the “welfare state”, but widespread dissatisfaction persists. This article is a critique of the proposals for reform presented in the Report of the Commission on Social Justice, set up by the late John Smith. The report contains a sweeping condemnation of existing arrangements and puts forward a series of recommendations ranging from the health service to decentralization in government and from employment policy to benefits for the elderly. As was perhaps inevitable, some are more precisely presented than others. An important example of the more fully specified proposals is one to establish what would, in effect, be a means-tested “pension guarantee”but with “means”so defined as to exclude capital and with much improved “disregards”. Another is the endorsement of the proposals to extend social insurance to part-time workers—a proposal which raises some controversial issues. There is much in this report that deserves close attention, and it is, therefore, all the more unfortunate that its proposals are not presented in the form of a quantified plan for social policy. Even for the first five years or so of the fifteen the Commission has in mind, there is no attempt at quantification. The importance of economic growth is rightly stressed, but “faster growth”can become a panacea that obscures the need for choice, not only between private and public expenditure but also between the various components of public policy itself.     

A Study of a Total Social Services Care Population and its Inter-Agency Shared Care Populations

There are very few large population studies and little informationabout the characteristics of social services populations andthe inter-agency populations that social services departmentsshare with other agencies. This study fills this gap. It examinesa total social services adult care population, excluding residentialcare homes (N = 19,461) in the context of its general co-terminoushealth authority population (N = 646,239). Approximately two-thirds(61 per cent) of the social services population were women,compared to the health authority population of 51 per cent.Sixty-two per cent were over sixty-five years compared to 23per cent of the health authority. Age groupings and genderedpatterns of service use are then identified for different caregroups. The study then examines care populations shared betweensocial services and other agencies, identifying the amount ofshared care and the characteristics of specific shared caresubgroups. Forty-two per cent of the social services populationwere shared with the community health trust and 19 per centwith the mental health trust. The proportion of the social servicespopulation in contact with Criminal Justice and accident andemergency was nearly twice that in the overall health authoritypopulation. The limitations of these data are examined and thepotential of this method to inform inter-agency planning andshared care is discussed.     

大陆法系共犯种类之比较

对我国及大陆法系主要国家刑法典及刑法理论中共犯的分类进行了比较。笔者认为,可以把俄罗斯刑法采用的标准与我国大陆刑法采用的标准结合起来,认定共同犯罪并对犯罪人作出罪责刑相适应的处罚。同时认为,我国大陆刑法采用的标准,虽然在实践中用起来比较容易与犯罪人的刑事责任挂起钩来,但逻辑上存在双重标准问题。此外,对间接正犯理论进行了比较,认为间接正犯实质上是单个人的犯罪,不应当在共同犯罪中讨论。     

Re-shaping our words,re-shaping our world: crimes against humanity and other signs of the times

This article employs the methods of discourse analysis (speech act theory (SAT), semiotics) to analyze the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia’s (ICTY) precedent-setting ruling which classified rape and sexual enslavement as crimes against humanity. Through the Tribunal’s speech acts of rendering a judgment and of finding defendants guilty, the Tribunal declared that rape is no longer considered an intrinsic part of war. Despite this advancement in International Humanitarian Law, a discourse analysis of the Tribunal’s speech acts reveals a fault line in human rights discourse concerning the historical dual categorization of women: as “women” and as “human.” This fault line is evidenced by a series of fissures which expose the instability of this categorization. The presence of these fissures challenges the world community, through entities such as the Tribunal, to continue to struggle with this categorization and thus continue to re-shape the realm of human rights.     

Alternatives to Custody in the New Zealand Criminal Justice System: Current Features and Future Prospects

Alternatives to custody in New Zealand have followed a format similar to criminal justice systems in the UK and other European countries but with a stronger emphasis on both punitive, work-based options like periodic detention, and more recently home detention, as well as restorative justice models. Much of current practice relies heavily on the now dated Criminal Justice Act 1985. However, a new sentencing and parole act is proposed for 2002. In this paper the authors review the current alternatives to custody in New Zealand, paying particular attention to issues arising from their recent research on home detention—surveillance, control and impacts on family members—and offering a reflection on the future prospects for alternatives to custody.     

Micro‐pensions in India: Issues and challenges

This article aims to fill a gap in the social security literature on India by examining the role of micro‐pensions. The analysis suggests that because of the heterogeneity of the target population, micro‐pension products — with microfinance institutions (MFIs) as the main, but not only sponsors — should be voluntary and portable and permit experimentation in their design and in the delivery of services. Accordingly, decentralized micro‐pension schemes that operate within an appropriate regulatory framework and according to sound governance practices are deemed more fitting for the Indian context than centralized schemes with limited flexibility. The article discusses two case studies of recently‐initiated micro‐pension schemes in India, which reveal the need for rigorous analytical research on the micro‐pension sector, particularly concerning the structuring of pay‐out options and innovative delivery mechanisms. The article concludes that micro‐pensions have the potential to be one of the most useful components in India's multi‐tiered social security system, and should be encouraged.     

Workplace Conditions and Employer Relationships as Predictors of Economic Well‐Being: Female Domestic Workers in India

This article explores the intersectional role played by the various categories of workplace dynamics of female domestic workers in India. It models crucial aspects of a range of workplace conditions and employee‐employer relationship and empowerment factors, as predictors of the economic well‐being of domestic workers. The analysis is based on a questionnaire survey of 487 domestic workers in two cities of the Indian state of Karnataka, conducted July–December 2014. The prediction models reveal intersectionality: female domestic workers are disadvantaged by inequalities caused by two unique aspects of their work, namely, the feminization of this work as naturalized labor that women do because of their innate caring characteristics, and the employer‐employee relationship where the focus of work is the intimate private space of the employer. Empowerment factors, therefore, become additionally significant for their protection from exploitation and abuse. This paper highlights the conflicting role played by empowerment and concludes by discussing implications for legislation and policy.     

Tears from Iron: Cultural Responses to Famine in Nineteenth-Century China

Sir Leon Radzinowicz and Roger Hood, A History of English Criminal Law, Volume 5: The Emergence of Penal Policy (1986), xv+1101 (Stevens and Sons, £75.00).

George Rude, Criminal and Victim: Crime and Society in Early Nineteenth Century England (1985), 146 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £17.50).

G. R. Rubin and David Sugarman, Law, Economy and Society: Essays in the History of English Law 1750–1914 (1984), iv+532 (Professional Books, Abingdon, £24.50, paperback £14.50).

Thomas A. Green, Verdict According to Conscience: Perspectives on the English Criminal Trial Jury 1200–1800 (1985), xx+409 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., £32.25).