中国失独妇女总量、结构及变动趋势计算机仿真研究

在回顾以往对独生子女死亡和失独家庭研究的基础上，文章从基本概念、分析方法和关键研究问题等方面指出以往研究中存在的问题，提出终身失独概率估计方法和失独育龄妇女再生育可能性等，指出用独生子女死亡概念近似失独妇女，其结果有可能大大高估时期失独妇女的总量。由于受计划生育政策影响，中国育龄妇女二孩生育水平和生育模式发生巨大变化，将失独育龄妇女再生育看做是1－＞2递进生育也有可能高估失独妇女的总量。通过人口普查、抽样调查数据和计算机微观人口系统仿真分析技术，估计目前35岁及以上失独妇女数量在140万左右，2050年前中国时期失独妇女总量超过600万的可能性不大，失独家庭达到或超过1000万的可能性也不大。     

缺席的在场：失独者生活境况的家庭时空分析与关系性变革

去世的独生子女对于其父母,是一种＂缺席的在场＂,虽然已脱离了其父母、家庭的时间进化过程和生活生产空间,但仍然会以一种特殊的在场方式,影响其父母的行为与行动。基于10户失独者的深度访谈资料,通过构建家庭时空分析的视角,在时间与空间的双维,分析失独者的时间安排与空间生产策略。并于家庭时空之中探讨独子死亡后的家庭链条关系性变革,在此基础上提出对策建议。     

Voices of the unheard: A qualitative survey exploring bereaved parents experiences of stillbirth stigma

BackgroundEvery year, 2.6 million babies are stillborn worldwide. Despite these figures, stillbirth remains a relatively ignored public health issue. The wider literature suggests that this is due to the stigma associated with stillbirth. The stigma of stillbirth is seen as possibly one of the greatest barriers in reducing stagnant stillbirth rates and supporting bereaved parents. However, empirical evidence on the extent, type, and experiences of stillbirth stigma remain scarce.AimThis study aimed to explore the stigma experiences of bereaved parents who have endured a stillbirth.MethodsAn online survey of closed and open-questions with 817 participants (n = 796 female; n = 17 male) was conducted in high-income countries.FindingsBased on self-perception, 38% of bereaved parents believed they had been stigmatised due to their stillbirth. Thematic data analysis revealed several themes consistent with Link and Phelan’s stigma theory- labelling, stereotyping, status loss and discrimination, separation, and power. One more theme outside of this theory- bereaved parents as agents of change was also discovered.ConclusionBereaved parents after stillbirth may experience stigma. Common experiences included feelings of shame, blame, devaluation of motherhood and discrimination. Bereaved parents also reported the silence of stillbirth occurred during their antenatal care with many health care providers not informing them about the possibility of stillbirth. Further research needs to be undertaken to explore further the extent and type of stigma felt by bereaved parents after stillbirth, and how stigma is impacting the health care professional disseminating and distributing resources to pregnant women.     

城市老年人子女亲属网与子女外亲属网差序性的实证研究——以烟台市向阳街道三居民小区为例

本文依据2006年8月—9月份我院《胶东城乡老龄化问题》研究小组对烟台市向阳街道三个居民小区老年人进行的问卷调查数据资料,运用社会网络分析方法,探讨了城市老年人子女亲属网与子女外亲属网的差序性及其影响因素。本研究认为,城市老年人的亲属人际关系网存在内在差序性,这种差序性的形成与城市老年人社会经济地位及其亲属交往频度显著相关。     

Challenges of rural women living with obstetric fistula: A phenomenological study

BackgroundObstetric fistula is a devastating complication caused by a prolonged and obstructed labor. It is estimated that about 2 million girls and women continue to live with obstetric fistula while between 50,000–100,000 women worldwide develop obstetric fistula each year. This condition continues to persist and remains a major problem in Ghana and other developing countries.AimTo explore the challenges and post-surgery integration needs among rural women living with obstetric fistula.MethodA critical exploratory research methodology based on phenomenology was used to conduct in-depth one-on-one interviews. A non-probability and purposive sampling were done to identify thirty-six (36) women between the ages of 25 and 65. The interviews were recorded electronically and transcribed verbatim. A systematic analysis of data was then done to identify and categorize emerging themes.ResultsThe results from the study showed that those who lived with obstetric fistulae experienced psychosocial, physical and economic challenges. Dominant among the psychological challenges identified were disruptions in social relations, divorce and loss of baby through neonatal death. Physical challenges include rashes and sores, foot drop, incontinence of urine. Economically, these women lost their source of livelihood and were heavily dependent on other family members. Support from family was also found to be key towards the post-surgery integration of the women.ConclusionObstetric fistula is a dilapidating condition that needs to be addressed at the micro, mezzo and macro level. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made to improve emergency obstetric care for women especially for women living in rural communities.     

Falling Short of Highest Life Expectancy: How Many Americans Might Have Been Alive in the Twentieth Century?

Life expectancy at birth in the United States during the twentieth century was lower than in many other highly developed countries. We investigate how this mortality disadvantage in the last 100 years translates into the number of hypothetical lives lost and their sex and age structure. We estimate the hypothetical US population if it had experienced in each decade since 1900 the mortality level of the country with the then highest life expectancy and compare the results to the actual figures in 2000. By 2000, the number of additional people who could have been alive had the mortality levels in the United States been as low as those in countries with the highest life expectancy was 66 million. This number is distributed equally between males and females. Suboptimal mortality at reproductive ages is crucial for the cumulative effect of potential lives lost, resulting from premature deaths of women who could still become first‐time mothers or bear additional children. Out of the 66 million additional persons who could have been alive in 2000, 45 million are attributable to those indirect deaths. Although the differences in the composition of the population by sex and age under the two mortality regimes are minor, the majority of people who might have been alive—54 million—were of working age or younger.     

A brief analysis on the survey of the present population situation of the Miao nationality in Sichuan Province]

The Miao nationality is a minority in China which has a total population of 5.03 million. In Sichuan Province, the Miao population is about 130,000, representing approximately 4% of the entire Miao population. In 1981 and 1982, surveys were conducted to investigate the Miao population. Results from these surves are summarized as follows: (1) The age structure of the Miao nationality is young, and the percentage of young people is high. A large number of children who were born in the 1960s and 1970s have now reached the age for marriage, a new high point of births will be created soon, and family planning will become a very urgent problem; (2) Fertility is very high, about 5.05 children for each married woman; (3) Marriage between close relatives is rather popular and this custom is harmful to the next generation, and the rate for abnormal babies and deaths is rising; (4) A popular belief which exits among the Miao people is that more children represent good fortune for the parents. It is quite obvious that urgent work is needed in order to develop family planning in the areas inhabited by the Miao people. Both the quantity and quality of the Miao nationality should be adjusted in order to cope with a changing world.     

A Family planning survey in four Delhi villages

A family planning attitude survey was conducted in four villages near metropolitan Delhi. Information was obtained through questionnaires from 455 currently married females of reproductive age: Of the women interviewed, 50 per cent were aware of family planning, 19 per cent had knowledge of a method and only 3 per cent used birth control methods. The method most commonly practised was prolonged lactation. Of the women interviewed, 253 were willing to learn about family planning; they said there was little opposition from their family members. These women thought that a family should have four children, and spacing between them should be roughly four years.     

Indonesia: family planning target stepped up for 1980; twofold success of integrated project

The recruitment of 3 million additional family planning acceptors for the fiscal year 1979/80 was the target of Indonesia's family planning program. Available data shows that Indonesia was the 1st country in the world to have consumed 200 million cycles of contraceptive since the program's inception 9 years ago. The achievement of a lower birth rate of between 20 and 22 per 1000 (present rate is approximately 38/1000) is possible within the next 10 years should the program maintain its present pace. Education of women; health of pregnant mothers, and nutrition of children are factors which strongly affect family planning. Current conditions are such that 30% of children aged 0 to 6 years and a large proportion of mothers are malnourished. A coordinated family planning-rural development project launched by the Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association and Indonesian Women's Association was launched 2 years ago and has proved successful. The project's core activity is the organization of income-generating projects such as poultry-raising, vegetable cultivation, handicrafts and small industries. Family planning and other health measures (eg, environmental sanitation) were also promoted. The project utilized selected cadres of married women who were then trained in community development. These women became trainers in their own villages. The project proved to be successful in terms of income-generating activities for the women and in terms of gaining 623 new family planning acceptors within a period of 5 months.     

Deaths from violence in Britain: A tentative secular survey

Abstract In recent years about 7,500 persons have been killed annually in road accidents in Britain. This 'slaughter on the roads' represents a mortality rate of around 150 per million persons living per annum (henceforth, pMa). 1 The vast majority of deaths occurred in accidents involving motor vehicles, 2 of which there were approximately 14 million in Britain in 1968. 3 Four decades ago the number ofmotor vehicles was less than one-quarter ofthat to-day (in 1934, 2·4 million): nevertheless, in the 1930's the mortality rate from motor vehicle accidents was almost identical with that of to-day. Clearly, though road traffic has increased and more persons expose themselves to the risks, with much longer exposure for some, man's mastery over the motor vehicle, social as well as technical, has correspondingly increased in recent decades. Individual vehicles are much less likely to be involved in fatal accidents, and for those who travel in vehicles (though conceivably not for pedestrians) the roads are no more dangerous, despite the increased traffic.     

Happiness Among Adolescent Students in Thailand: Family and Non-Family Factors

This paper explores family and non-family factors contributing to happiness among students aged 15–18 in Thailand. Data come from the Social and Cultural Situation and Mental Health Survey (n = 905). Based on regression analysis, family factors are more important than non- family factors in explaining the variations in adolescents’ happiness. Regarding the family domain, those who reported sufficient time spent with family members and highest level of love and connectedness were happiest. Those living in a two-parent family were happiest, followed by those living with a married father or a married mother (in a single parent family). Those living in an unmarried mother family were unhappiest, controlling for household economic status. These findings highlight the important role of a father in a country with a matrilocal family system. Regarding non-family factors, adolescents with the highest school attendance, highest self-esteem, and highest economic status who also regularly participated in extracurricular activities were happiest. Adolescents who were older and who had to do chores regularly tended to be less happy than their peers.     

Mental Health of Transgender People in Hong Kong: A Community-Driven,Large-Scale Quantitative Study Documenting Demographics and Correlates of Quality of Life and Suicidality

A community-driven survey of 106 transgender people (the first such survey in Hong Kong) showed that: (1) more than half the sample (50.9%) had a university degree or higher qualification; (2) despite this, 43.4% had a monthly income below HK$6,000 (about USD$775); (3) 66% reported “fair” or “poor” quality of life; (4) 67% of the sample (87.1% of respondents aged 15–24 years) had contemplated suicide; and (5) 20.8% of the sample (35.5% of respondents aged 15–24 years) had attempted suicide. It was found that (1) those who were single, had a lower monthly income, and identified as transgender women reported lower quality of life; and (2) those who were younger and on a lower income expressed higher suicidality. The findings suggest that service providers and policy makers urgently need to address the mental health needs of transgender people, particular younger transgender people.     

Communicating population and family planning

This thorough look at the change in the American family 1900-1700 finds that 40% of marriages among women now in their late 20s may end in divorce, that the divorce rate is stabilizing, that between 1-4% of unrelated men and women are living together in informal unions (the figure made difficult to obtain by the difficulty in framing the question), that 15 million adults live alone, and that only 67% of children live with their own once-married parents. About 33% of births are premaritally conceived. The median age for mothers at birth of last child has moved downward from 33 years in the early 1900s to about 30 years. Childbearing has declined from 3.9 children per mother in the early 1900s to 2.5. The period of childbearing has been compressed to about 7 years, between ages 23-30. 10% of remarried women's children are born between marriages. 50% of pregnancies end in abortion. It was found that persons who had completed an educational level, whether it be high school or college, generally had more stable marriages; those who had not completed a level were more likely to get divorced. Despite changes in lifestyle, however, some typical family situations are experienced by most Americans. 2 of 3 marriages will last until death of 1 of the partners and most young women questioned in census surveys expect 2 children.     

Predictors of Sexual Minority Youth’s Reported Suicide Attempts and Mental Health

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth (LGBY) report higher rates of mental health concerns compared to heterosexual youth due to minority stressors. This study examined the interpersonal and intrapersonal variables that predict psychological distress and self-reported suicide attempts in a sample of 61 LGBY in the Mid-South, which is a highly overlooked regional area for LGBY research. Youth who lost friends when coming out were 29 times more likely to report suicide attempts, and those who experienced psychological maltreatment from caregivers were 9.5 times more likely to report a suicide attempt. Internalized heterosexism, feelings of guilt or shame, and psychological maltreatment from caregivers were significant predictors of depression and anxiety symptoms. This study highlights the importance of creating affirming spaces for LGBY, particularly in areas of the country that experience greater political oppression of sexual minorities, such as the Mid-South.     

Witnessing a body in decline: Men’s and women’s perceptions of an altered physical appearance

ABSTRACT

There has been a tendency within the literature to ignore how men and women who are very ill and at the end of life perceive and experience their visibly altered bodies. This article aims to provide new insights about this matter. A qualitative research approach was adopted. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 hospice patients, 20 family members, and 20 members of hospice staff. Findings reveal that because of masculine and feminine norms, physical appearance is more a matter of concern to women than to men who are close to death. This contradicts theories that suggest that patients experience a disinvestment on their sense of masculinity and femininity alongside the process of bodily deterioration and decay prior impending potential death.     

夫妻权利与婚姻满意度关系研究——基于2006全国综合调查的数据分析

根据2006年全国综合调查（CGSS2006）的数据,本文探讨了夫妻权利运行的三个要素：权力基础（教育差、年收入差）;权利过程（互诉烦恼、对钱不同意见频率）;权利结果（家务差、家庭事务决定权）对婚姻满意度的具体影响。多元回归分析表明：权利过程是影响婚姻满意度最重要的环节,其中配偶向被访者诉说烦恼和对钱不同意见频率都有显著影响：教育差虽也有一定的负向显著度,但其影响程度较小;夫妻年收入差、家务差和家庭事务决定权并无显著性。     

The effects of religion and social support on self-esteem and depression among the suddenly bereaved

This study examines the effects of religion and of the quantity and quality of social support on self-esteem and depression among the suddenly bereaved. Data are collected from medical examiner records and mail-back surveys from family members of victims of suicides and accidental deaths in a large metropolitan area of the United States. Recursive models of church attendance and social support on well-being are estimated using generalized least squares. We find that religious participation significantly increases self-esteem, but has no significant effect on depression. The findings also indicate that frequency of contact with friends and relatives, confiding with friends and relatives, and quality of recieved expressive support independently predict both self-esteem and depression.     

Socialist spiritual civilization enhances consciousness in family planning

Since 1985, there have been no cases of coercion in the practice of family planning and yet also no unplanned births among the over 1200 members of the Chinese Communist Party in Hunan Province's Fuxing Township. Ideological work is aimed at demonstrating that fertility control is in the interest of both individuals and the state. All township cadres are asked by the government to take the lead in practicing family planning, publicizing population policies, and assisting in solving the difficulties of the masses. They are further expected to take the lead in the provision of 5 services: 1) publicity about population theory and family planning policy; 2) birth control training and provision; 3) management and distribution of contraceptives; 4) maternal-child health services, including free health check-ups for the 870 children in the township and follow-up visits to the 2100 women who have undergone tubal ligation; and 5) development of social welfare and assistance to 1-child households.     

Zero growth of the population of the United States

It is sometimes said that there is no population problem in the United States because the U.S. fertility rate is approximately at the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman. However the population of the United States increased in 1992 by approximately three million people. There are two major causes of continued population growth even when fertility is approximately at the replacement level. One is population momentum; the other is immigration. This paper examines what must be done if we want to achieve zero growth of the population of the United States immediately, without the long delays caused by population momentum.     

Latin American hospitals improve postabortion care. Maternal health

Approximately 4 million women undergo illegal abortions each year in Latin America and the Caribbean, and hundreds of thousands of women with postabortion medical emergencies or incomplete abortions seek hospital care. Once in an emergency ward, a woman may await treatment for 24 hours, bleeding, frightened, and in pain. A woman in such a situation may also experience nurses who chastise her for becoming pregnant or committing a sin, be examined with several staff members observing, undergo unexplained treatment without anesthesia, and/or leave the service facility without knowing whether she is still fertile or how to avoid pregnancy. INOPAL, Population Council's operations research program on family planning and reproductive health in the region, is working to find the best ways, medically and financially, for hospitals to deliver high-quality, comprehensive services to postabortion patients. Most maternal deaths and injuries could be prevented by access to family planning services and information about contraceptive use. The Population Council and colleagues from hospitals, governments, and nongovernmental organizations are conducting studies in Guatemala, Peru, and Mexico on the emergency treatment of incomplete abortions with the goal of improving and standardizing postabortion services.