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1.
This article examines whether mass legalization programs reduce future undocumented immigration. We focus on the effects of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, which granted amnesty to nearly 2.7 million undocumented immigrants. We report that apprehensions of persons attempting to cross the U.S.-Mexico border illegally declined immediately following passage of the law but returned to normal levels during the period when undocumented immigrants could file for amnesty and the years thereafter. Our findings suggest that the amnesty program did not change long-term patterns of undocumented immigration from Mexico. 相似文献
2.
IRCA's impact on the occupational concentration and mobility of newly-legalized Mexican men 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
We examine the occupational concentration and mobility of a group of unauthorized Mexican men who received amnesty under
IRCA to shed light on the role of legal status in the assimilation process. Initially these men are concentrated in a small
number of traditional migrant jobs. Although their occupational mobility rate is high, it partly represents churning through
these same occupations. When we consider the direction – either upward or downward – of occupational change, we find that
English language ability and the characteristics of the occupation, itself, are strongly correlated with mobility before legalization.
After legalization, few characteristics surpass in importance the common experience of having received amnesty.
Received: 22 July 1997/Accepted: 2 February 1999 相似文献
3.
Recent media and government reports suggest that immigrants are more likely to hold jobs with poor working conditions than
U.S.-born workers, perhaps because immigrants work in jobs that “ natives don’t want.” Despite this widespread view, earlier
studies have not found immigrants to be in riskier jobs than natives. This study combines individual-level data from the 2003-2005
American Community Survey with Bureau of Labor Statistics data on work-related injuries and fatalities to take a fresh look
at whether foreign-born workers are employed in more dangerous jobs. The results indicate that immigrants are in fact more
likely to work in risky jobs than U.S.-born workers, partly due to differences in average characteristics, such as immigrants’
lower English-language ability and educational attainment. 相似文献
4.
Few prior studies have investigated the health of U.S. immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU). Utilizing data from
the 2000 U.S. census and the 2000–2007 National Health Interview Survey (NIHS), we compare levels of disability of FSU immigrants
with U.S.-born whites (ages 50–84). Our findings suggest an “epidemiologic paradox” in that FSU immigrants possess higher
levels of education compared with U.S.-born whites, but report considerably higher disability with and without adjustment
for education. Nonetheless, FSU immigrants report lower levels of smoking and heavy alcohol use compared with U.S.-born whites.
We further investigate disability by period of arrival among FSU immigrants. Changes in Soviet emigration policies conceivably
altered the level of health selectivity among émigrés. We find evidence that FSU immigrants who emigrated during a period
when a permission to emigrate was hard to obtain (1970–1986) displayed less disability compared with those who emigrated when
these restrictions were less stringent (1987–2000). Finally, we compare disability among Russian-born U.S. immigrants with
that of those residing in Russia as a direct test of health selectivity. We find that Russian immigrants report lower levels
of disability compared with Russians in Russia, suggesting that they are positively selected for health despite their poor
health relative to U.S.-born whites. 相似文献
5.
In this paper, highly skilled and less-skilled immigrants in three age classes (20–34, 35–49, and 50–64) are distinguished.
Since most highly skilled immigrants are males who enter the USA as numerically restricted, we study only numerically restricted
male immigrants. Annual data (1972–1991) for 86 source countries are pooled, and the Hausman–Taylor instrumental variable
technique is used to estimate the regressions. Along with measures of differential economic opportunities, migration costs,
and USA institutional controls, we incorporate a unique set of variables relating to social programs in source countries.
Such programs prove to be significant determinants of the skill composition of USA immigrants. 相似文献
6.
We construct demographic models of retirement and death in office of U.S. Supreme Court justices, a group that has gained
demographic notice, evaded demographic analysis, and is said to diverge from expected retirement patterns. Models build on
prior multistate labor force status studies, and data permit an unusually clear distinction between voluntary and “induced”
retirement. Using data on every justice from 1789 through 2006, with robust, cluster-corrected, discrete-time, censored, event-history
methods, we (1) estimate retirement effects of pension eligibility, age, health, and tenure on the timing of justices’ retirements
and deaths in office, (2) resolve decades of debate over the politicized departure hypothesis that justices tend to alter
the timing of their retirements for the political benefit or detriment of the incumbent president, (3) reconsider the nature
of rationality in retirement decisions, and (4) consider the relevance of organizational conditions as well as personal circumstances
to retirement decisions. Methodological issues are addressed. 相似文献
7.
Matheu Kaneshiro 《Demography》2013,50(5):1897-1919
The quality of the decennial census of the United States is compromised by population undercount, which often misses immigrants and racial/ethnic minorities, thereby diminishing federal resources allocated to such groups. Using a modified version of demographic analysis and informed by the latest contributions of emigration scholarship, this research estimates net undercount for the 1990 census relative to the 2000 census by age, sex, year-of-entry, and place-of-birth cohorts. Ordinary least squares estimates suggest that males, recent arrivals, and cohorts aged 15–44 had higher relative net undercount for 1990 compared with 2000. Much higher relative net undercount was found for cohorts from Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean (excluding Cuba and Puerto Rico) who were ineligible for amnesty under the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (i.e., those fitting the profile of an undocumented immigrant). Larger implications of these findings suggest that the political climate in which a person is embedded—particularly for persons who may feel threatened or marginalized by the government and/or the public—affects that person’s willingness to respond to the census. 相似文献
8.
Prior research seeking to explain variation in extended family coresidence focused heavily on the potentially competing roles
of cultural preferences and socioeconomic and demographic structural constraints. We focus on challenges associated with international
immigration as an additional factor driving variation across groups. Using 2000 census data from Mexico and the United States,
we compare the prevalence and age patterns of various types of extended family and non-kin living arrangements among Mexican-origin
immigrants and nonimmigrants on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border. Additionally, we use the Survey of Income and Program
Participation to examine the stability of extended family living arrangements among Mexican-origin immigrants and natives
in the United States. We find that newly arrived immigrants to the United States display unique patterns in the composition
and stability of their households relative to nonimmigrants in both Mexico and the United States. Recent immigrants are more
likely to reside in an extended family or non-kin household, and among those living with relatives, recent immigrants are
more likely to live with extended family from a similar generation (such as siblings and cousins). Further, these households
experience high levels of turnover. The results suggest that the high levels of coresidence observed among recently arrived
Mexican immigrants represent a departure from “traditional” household/family structures in Mexico and are related to the challenges
associated with international migration. 相似文献
9.
This paper studies the interaction between labour market integration, “work values” and entrepreneurial capital inside minority
communities. A simple model of labour market segmentation with ethnic capítal and endogenous transmission of cultural values
inside a minority group is presented. It emphasizes the role of entrepreneurial capital as an important driver of labour market
integration and as a promoter of meritocratic work values inside the community. The case immigrants in France is then empirically
studied as an example. We show that the contrasted labour market outcomes and work values of immigrants from Maghreb versus
Southern Europe are, statistically, totally explained away by their different levels of entrepreneurial capital. 相似文献
10.
We study the employment assimilation of the recent wave of immigration in Spain for the period 2002–2006. We differentiate
the immigrants by their year of arrival in Spain. Following Shimer (Am Econ Rev 95(1):25–49, 2005) and using data from the Spanish Labor Force Survey, we calculate the job finding and the job exit rates. Throughout the
period, immigrants show higher job finding and job exit rates. We also present a search and matching model with search intensity,
where natives, new immigrants, and old immigrants compete in the labor market. The simulated model is able to reproduce the
differences observed in their job finding and unemployment rates. 相似文献
11.
Lori M. Hunter 《Population and environment》2000,21(6):565-580
This research offers an examination of environmental attitudes, concern, and behaviors among individuals presently living
within the context producing contemporary American environmental awareness, but who originated from contexts socially, environmentally,
and economically distinct. More specifically, data from the 1993 environmental module of the General Social Survey are used
to examine variations in environmental awareness across native-and foreign-born individuals. Results suggest that immigrants
living in the U.S. do, indeed, express similarattitudes toward environmental issues as compared to native-born residents. However, shorter-term immigrants (those residing abroad
at age 16) in particular express significantly higher levels ofconcern with regard to environmental problems as compared to native-born residents. In addition, shorter-term immigrants are more
likely to engage in “environmentally friendly” behaviors as compared to native-born residents, although they appear less likely
to have signed an environmentally oriented petition. 相似文献
12.
Sarah Hamersma Yilin Hou Yusun Kim Douglas Wolf 《Population research and policy review》2018,37(5):729-749
Birth outcomes influence many aspects of later life health and wellbeing, making healthcare access during pregnancy a policy priority. Low-income mothers often depend on Medicaid, for which eligibility is determined by their income relative to state eligibility thresholds. The prevalence of adverse birth outcomes is known to exhibit cyclical variation, due in part to changes in the composition of women giving birth in response to changing economic conditions. However, cyclical variation in adverse birth outcomes also varies with respect to Medicaid eligibility thresholds. Our analysis uses birth-records data for 2000 through 2013, aggregated into 173,936 county-by-quarter observations and linked to county-level unemployment rates and state-level parental Medicaid thresholds. Using fixed-effects negative binomial models, we examine the role of Medicaid generosity in influencing birth outcomes across business cycles. We test for interactions between Medicaid and unemployment, hypothesizing that the negative effects of recessions are worse where Medicaid thresholds are more restrictive. We find that higher Medicaid generosity dampens the negative effects of recessions on birth outcomes. The extent to which Medicaid interacts with unemployment also varies according to the age and race composition of mothers; in particular, Black mothers are both most affected by unemployment and most responsive to Medicaid generosity. Given current concerns about racial gaps in both infant and maternal mortality, our findings suggest that Medicaid may be an important feature of a strategy to close gaps in the prevalence of adverse birth outcomes across racial groups, especially during bust years. 相似文献
13.
Ethnic Enclaves and the Earnings of Immigrants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A large literature in sociology concerns the implications of immigrants’ participation in ethnic enclaves for their economic
and social well-being. The “enclave thesis” speculates that immigrants benefit from working in ethnic enclaves. Previous research
concerning the effects of enclave participation on immigrants’ economic outcomes has come to mixed conclusions as to whether
enclave effects are positive or negative. In this article, we seek to extend and improve upon past work by formulating testable
hypotheses based on the enclave thesis and testing them with data from the 2003 New Immigrant Survey (NIS), employing both
residence-based and workplace-based measures of the ethnic enclave. We compare the economic outcomes of immigrants working
in ethnic enclaves with those of immigrants working in the mainstream economy. Our research yields minimal support for the
enclave thesis. Our results further indicate that for some immigrant groups, ethnic enclave participation actually has a negative
effect on economic outcomes. 相似文献
14.
We explore matched employer–employee data for a new destination of international migrants in Europe—Portugal. We conclude
that the difference between the earnings of immigrants and natives with similar personal characteristics is for the most part
due to the characteristics of the matches they form, immigrants being penalized on two different counts: absence of match-specific
human capital and occupational downgrading. Moreover, we show that non-random sorting across workplaces has a significant
detrimental effect on immigrants’ wages. This is the flip side of joining migrant-crowded workplaces. 相似文献
15.
We use monthly Survey of Income and Program Participation data from 1996–1999 and 2001–2003 to estimate the determinants of
differentiation in intercepts and slopes for age/earnings profiles of low-skill immigrant and native male workers. Our findings
provide further depth of understanding to the“mixed” picture of earnings determination in the low-skill labor market that
has been reported by others. On the positive side, many immigrants are employed in similar occupations and industries as natives.
Both groups show substantial wage gains over time and generally receive similar returns to years of schooling completed. Immigrants
also receive substantial returns to acculturation, measured as age at arrival and English language skill. These results cast
doubt on the strong version of segmented labor market theory, in which low-skill immigrants are permanently consigned to dead-end
jobs with no wage appreciation. On the negative side, immigrants earn approximately 24% less than natives and are less likely
to occupy supervisory and managerial jobs. Latino immigrants receive lower returns to education than do white immigrants.
Furthermore, age at arrival and language ability do not explain the lower returns to education experienced by Latino immigrants.
These results suggest that Latino immigrants in particular may suffer from barriers to mobility and/or wage discrimination.
Whether these negative labor market experiences occur primarily for illegal immigrants remains unknown. 相似文献
16.
We use annual panel data, 1870–1910, to estimate and compare the determinants of European emigration to Argentina, Brazil,
and the USA. The Hausman–Taylor instrumental variable technique we use provides for cross-sectional (country) controls, accounts
for variables that are potentially correlated with the unobservables and allows the recovery of the coefficients of temporally
invariant variables. In general, migration was from low-wage source countries, from countries with large stocks of immigrants
in the destination who were born in the origin, and from countries with relatively much recent migration to the destination.
Certain determinants differ considerably for the three countries. 相似文献
17.
Research on immigrants’ assimilation is widespread both in the U.S. and Europe. While it has been extensively studied how immigrants fare compared to natives on socio-economic indicators, few studies have focussed on immigrants’ perception of their position. In this paper we focus on comparing life satisfaction of immigrants and natives across Europe and on the role of social embeddedness. Using data from the first six rounds (2002–2012) of the European Social Survey, a repeated cross-sectional survey, we find that life satisfaction among immigrants is lower than among natives even though differences diminish over generations. For first generation immigrants part of the life satisfaction gap is explained by the lower level of social embeddedness they have compared to natives. We also find that social embeddedness is a key explanatory factor for life satisfaction for both immigrants and natives. For two out of the three indicators of social embeddedness that we consider we however find different patterns of association with life satisfaction for immigrants compared to natives. 相似文献
18.
K. Bruce Newbold 《Population and environment》2000,21(6):539-563
At the time of entry into the U.S., immigrants are required to identify their ’intended’ destination to INS officials. They
are not, however, required to remain in that location. If immigrant settlement patterns represent an evolutionary, dynamic
system, it is likely that immigrants will adjust their location in the period shortly after arrival in the U.S. in response
to various factors, leading to an ‘initial’ settlement system. Of interest in the following paper are the scale, direction
and magnitude of adjustments made to the immigrant settlement system in the period shortly after arrival. The analysis utilizes
the 1990 5 percent Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) and the 1985–90 Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) Public
Use Tapes in order to explore the intended and initial (observed) settlement patterns of recent (1985–90) immigrants and to
comment upon the applicability of these terms. Results indicate that the two settlement patterns are highly similar, despite
apparently high levels of movement among recent arrivals. The analysis also touches upon the ‘come to stay’ question raised
by Ellis and Wright (1998a), suggesting that the interpretation of the question is dependent upon immigrant status rather
than when immigrants first arrived in the U.S.
This research was funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation (97-08436). The author is solely responsible for
the content of this research. 相似文献
19.
Determinants of Life Satisfaction Among Immigrants from Western Countries and from the FSU in Israel
Karin Amit 《Social indicators research》2010,96(3):515-534
This study examines the integration of immigrants via their satisfaction with life in the new country. While most studies
on immigrant integration have focused on objective integration parameters such as education, occupation and salary (e.g.,
Borjas in Friends or strangers: the impact of immigrants on the US economy. Basic Books, New York, 1990), subjective parameters have traditionally received less attention. However, in recent years it has become increasingly clear
that subjective perceptions carry considerable weight in the social-integration process of immigrants (McMichael and Manderson
in Human Organ 63(1):88–99, 2004; Massey and Redstone in Soc Sci Q 87(5):954–971, 2006). The study group consists of Jewish immigrants who arrived in Israel during the past two decades from two different regions
of origin: Western countries, and the Former Soviet Union (FSU). All of these immigrants are generally highly educated and
skilled, but they came to Israel from different societies and contrasting motives. The objective of this study is to learn
about the integration of these immigrants via their satisfaction with life in Israel and to understand the factors that explain
it, taking into account the differences between the immigrant groups. The findings, based on the 2007 Ruppin representative
survey data (The data for this study was obtained with the support of the Israeli Ministry of Immigrant Absorption.), point
to significant differences between the two immigrant groups under discussion. Western immigrants are more satisfied with their
lives in Israel than FSU immigrants and have higher scores in most of the independent variables tested. The multivariate analyses
for predicting an immigrant’s life satisfaction reveal that those reporting the greatest satisfaction are women, religious,
with a high standard of living, with no academic education, and stronger Israeli identity (personal and as perceived by others).
In addition, different variables play a role in predicting the life satisfaction for each immigrant group. This knowledge
may be of service to Israeli policymakers dealing with the immigration and integration of highly skilled immigrants in Israeli
society. 相似文献
20.
Too many migrants, too few services: a model of decision-making on immigration and integration with cultural distance 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We model the political demand for immigrants as a trade-off that native voters face between having services, assumed to be
produced only by unskilled and nonassimilated immigrants, and experiencing disutility due to the immigrant workers having
a culture different from the native culture. Immigrants decide whether to integrate into the native culture. We show that
if services are priced according to per unit costs, the market demand for immigrants will exceed the political demand. Market
forces then lead to higher services prices, implying that the initially allowed number of immigrants is ‘politically’ too
large.
相似文献
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