马克思辩证法的“叙述方式”及其特殊呈现

马克思在政治经济学批判中反思资产阶级基于理性观念所展开的宏大叙事,确认观照现实实践的“叙述方式”对辩证法在审视资本主义社会中的内在驱动作用。伴随辩证法与政治经济学批判的深度融合,马克思揭露出庸俗经济学家将辩证法先验规定成专制性叙事来为资产阶级利益辩护的实质,澄明了辩证法作为改造资本主义现实力量的理论意义,并恢复辩证法作为社会历史总体推演、自我超越、感性实践以及突显本质与意义的四种“叙述方式”。为唤醒人们在现存社会中所具备的辩证本性,敦促人们通过辩证活动在社会生产中不断积聚本质性力量,马克思辩证法的“叙述方式”采用了“隐喻式”的独特表达。     

当代中国马克思辩证法研究的三大形态述评

国内学者对马克思哲学辩证法的理解,从直观经验的"唯物辩证法",到认识论反省的"实践辩证法",再到关注人的始源性生存的"生存论辩证法",逐步揭示出了马克思辩证法的内在本质,从而也使马克思哲学辩证法的批判本性和解放旨趣进一步得以彰显和澄明。     

论马克思对黑格尔辩证法颠倒的特点──兼与列宁之颠倒比较

马克思对黑格尔辩证法的颠倒主要是汲取了“现代国民经济学”的劳动价值论，同时汲取了费尔巴哈人本异化史观中的人本辩证法和黑格尔精神异化史观中的劳动辩证法，独创了异化劳动论和劳动实践史观，从而以崭新的实践活动论思维方式实现了由传统到现代的哲学革命。因此，马克思对黑格尔辩证法的颠倒是对西方两千年传统形而上学本体论思维方式包括物质本体论思维方式的彻底颠倒。而列宁对黑格尔辩证法的颠倒主要是打倒黑格尔的精神本体论，汲取黑格尔的精神辩证法，换上了唯物主义的物质本体论，这在当时的历史条件下具有独特的意义。     

作为生命体验的辩证法

现行的教科书对辩证法进行了形式化的理解,其实质是知性思维方式对辩证法的规制,遮蔽了辩证法和生命的本质联系。突破知性思维方式,辩证法是生命体验的逻辑,在黑格尔那里表现为精神生命的体验。而马克思则立足于感性的实践活动,以"生产过程"取代"思维过程",实现了对黑格尔辩证法的改造,实现了辩证法对人的现实生命的关切。     

马克思的新唯物主义哲学新在哪里?

马克思的哲学革命和哲学创新的成果不是唯物论与辩证法的结合，即辩证唯物主义，而是从实践和实践主体出发来理解世界的新唯物主义，即实践唯物主义。这种新唯物主义除了“把感性理解为实践活动”的新视野、新内涵和“改变世界”的新功能外，它的新还表现在以下五个方面：它是唯物史观的新起点；揭示了“唯物”之“物”的新含义；突出了实践者即人的主体性，在客观规律和主观能动性之间建立了一种新的平衡；承认历史发展的多因性和非线性规律，在线性决定作用基础上，对概率的、或然的、随机的作用方式和意义作了新的揭示；对辩证法的作用领域提出新的理解，更强调实践辩证法和思维辩证法     

科学发展观与辩证法的和谐维度

辩证法作为关于事物联系和发展的学说,是坚持以人为本,树立全面、协调、可持续发展的科学发展观与构建和谐社会的科学方法论和深层的理论基础.马克思认为,辩证法来源于实践.是人类实践在思维观念上的反映.辩证法在实践中生成并发展,"科学发展观"与"构建和谐社会"理论的提出,表达了人类实践对于辩证法和谐维度的诉求.辩证法的和谐维度应在彰显马克思辩证法和谐旨趣的基础上,批判地吸收中国传统和谐思维的精华,实现二者的有机契合,形成辩证的和谐现.     

从实体的逻辑到关系的逻辑--马克思辩证法理解方式的范式转换

国内哲学界先后提出的对马克思辩证法的"物质运动的逻辑"、"认识的逻辑"、"历史的逻辑"、"实践的逻辑"和"人的存在的逻辑"这几种理解方式都有着一个共同的提问方式前提什么是马克思辩证法的真实根基和真正载体?这个提问方式是实体思维方式的具体表现.以实体思维去解读马克思的辩证法,就会把马克思辩证法理解成一种"实体的逻辑",就会在理论与实践方面遇到许多难以克服的困难.而以关系思维去解读马克思辩证法,就会把其理解为"关系的逻辑",这种理解相对于"实体的逻辑"的理解来说具有较大的优越性.     

南斯拉夫马克思主义哲学家反对“实践派”的斗争

南斯拉夫哲学中的“实践派”在对待自然辩证法和一般辩证法及反映论这两个马克思主义哲学的最重要问题上,极大地背离了唯物主义。他们多数人受到卢卡奇的早期著作《历史和阶级意识》、法兰克福学派代表人物马尔库塞和阿多尔诺以及法国存在主义者萨特等对辩证法的独特解释的影响,否认自然界本身存在辩证法,从而把辩证法只归结为主体和客体的相互作用,把辩证法仅仅局限在人的实践活动范围内。他们还企图证明自然辩证法不是马克思所提出,而是恩格斯从黑格尔和谢林那里“不加批判地借用过来”,直到很晚才被引进马克思主义的。     

从哲学反思到实践技艺——辩证法的嬗变

辩证法是马克思哲学思想的核心之一,前有以黑格尔为代表的德国古典哲学为其先声,后有马克思主义者为其发挥,辩证法经历了黑格尔、马克思、列宁、毛泽东等几种主要样式.完成了从哲学反思向实践技艺的嬗变过程.     

对国外马克思辩证法研究的反省与批判

国外对马克思辩证法批判本质的理解和解释,先后形成了科学主义、西方马克思主义、后现代主义和当代英美马克思主义这四大传统。而这四大传统的转化和逻辑推进,在遮蔽马克思辩证法的批判本质的同时,也在一定意义上使马克思辩证法的批判本质逐步得以彰显,从而推动了国外马克思辩证法的当代研究。对此我们必须认真对待。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).