数字时代下创业企业与用户如何开发机会实现价值共创?北大核心CSSCI

数字时代的到来正在改变创业行为和结果,但此背景下创业企业与用户互动以实现价值创造的机制还处于理论探索阶段。基于此,本文从创业机会开发视角出发,以尚品宅配和小米为案例研究对象,构建“价值主张—互动—创业机会开发—价值实现”研究框架。研究发现:机会开发由创业企业与用户共同完成,用户被纳入价值主张、创造环节,并共享价值创造成果;创业企业与用户形成两条价值共创路径,即创业企业与用户发现和创造创业机会实现价值共创;在机会开发过程中,数字化情境为两者互动形成创业机会提供基础桥梁。本文引入“创业机会”这个重要概念解释价值共创机制,尝试打开数字时代下创业企业和用户互动形成价值创造的理论黑箱,为创业企业有效协调与用户之间的关系提供启示。     

创业机会从何而来:发现,构建还是发现+构建?——创业机会的理论前沿研究

创业的核心是什么?有人说是就业,有人说是创业文化,也有人说是创新等。总之,对于这一问题存在一定的认识误区。本文通过大量的文献分析,结合中国的创业实践,试图明确说明创业的核心是创业机会。那么创业机会从何而来?这个问题至今尚无定论,需要更多的学科交叉来进一步研究阐明。根据现有的文献,学术界长期以来认为创业机会是被识别与发现(discovered)出来的。但是,创业的客观环境近年来发生了很大的变化,创业机会可以是被发现出来的,也可以是被构建(constructed)出来的。本文更进一步提出创业机会可以是发现与构建二者兼之(discovered and constructed)。前者是一种客观导向性的印迹(imprinting)过程,是一种具有科学发现特征的机会发现过程;创业机会构建是一种主观导向性的众迹(reflexivity)过程,是一种具有社会构建特征,并涉及创业者、市场、客户等因素综合作用的机会构建过程。本文应用跟踪性问题导向研究的方法,结合创业机会研究的大量经典文献与具体的中国情境,对创业机会本源与形成进行问题导向探索,提出并证实创业机会是一种多途径的探索与形成过程。成功创业需要创业者更好地了解和认识创业机会,将大众创业建立在创业机会的基础上,是我国大众创业避免盲创,实现成功创业的重要原理。深入研究、认识与把握创业机会,对于创业研究本身,以及我国的大众创业都具有重大的理论价值与实践指导意义。     

创业者如何从事件中塑造创业能力?——基于事件系统理论的连续创业案例研究

本文采用探索性案例研究方法,以连续创业者10年创业经历为纵向研究案例,基于事件系统理论深入探索创业者创业能力形成的过程机理,并揭示创业活动的差异、创业者自我效能感、创业认知、创业学习对该形成过程的影响。研究发现:事件空间、强度影响连续创业者的创业认知模式支配地位,创业者在被动性事件中倾向于采用分析式认知模式识别创业机会,采用直觉式认知模式发现创业资源,通过创造主动性事件在行动学习中利用创业机会,在经验学习中获取并管理创业资源;创业自我效能感能够调节创业者认知模式的转变,创业学习能够促进主动性事件对创业能力的提升效果;连续创业过程中,被动性和主动性事件的交互作用形成创业能力提升的正反馈,被动性事件变少、主动性事件变多,创业能力得以巩固。研究结论对创业者如何在复杂事件环境中提升创业能力具有一定的启发和指导意义。     

创业者印记影响机会评估和利用的认知机制——基于晨光生物的案例分析

近年来在创业领域中有关创业认知的研究受到极大关注，但现有研究主要集中于回答“创业认知影响了什么”,少有研究深入探讨创业者认知差异的根本来源，以及这种认知差异的根本来源如何进一步影响创业机会的评估和利用过程.本研究基于印记理论和社会认知理论，通过对晨光生物的探索性案例分析，探讨了创业者印记对机会评估和利用的影响.研究发现：1)创业者贫困经历、失败经历、专业技术相关经历能够形成创业者印记，即贫困印记、失败印记、专业技术印记.2)创业者的贫困印记能够通过诱发压力学习机制来塑造其基于节流逻辑的创业认知；创业者的失败印记能够通过诱发试错学习机制来塑造其基于保守主义逻辑的创业认知；创业者的专业技术印记能够通过诱发利用式学习机制来塑造其基于专家逻辑的创业认知.3)基于不同逻辑的创业认知使得创业者以不同的标准来评估机会的合意性和可行性并运用不同的战略制定、资源获取和配置的方式来进行机会利用.本文通过丰富的案例素材构建了创业者印记影响创业机会评估和利用的认知机制模型，从认知视角打开了创业者印记影响机会评估和利用过程的黑箱，为创业机会、创业认知相关领域的文献提供了洞见.     

基于Timmons创业机会评价体系的实证研究——深圳、合肥、安庆三市创业机会

创业机会的识别与选择是一个动态的过程,机会评价贯穿于整个过程中。本文建立在创业机会识别与开发领域现有的理论和经验研究的基础之上,运用Timmons的机会评价框架,通过调查问卷的方法对深圳、合肥、安庆的创业者进行比较研究。本文认为不同地区的重要指标序列存在差异,该差异源于地区间创业环境与文化的差异。     

发现型机会和创造型机会能够相互转化吗?——基于多主体视角的研究

作为创业研究的核心问题,发现型机会与创造型机会开发得到学者们的广泛关注。随着研究的深入,二者的转化机制成为目前研究的前沿问题,然而关于这两种类型机会间的转化研究还处于探索性阶段。已有文献多以创业者单一主体为核心,忽略了其他相关主体的作用。基于此,本研究借鉴资源基础观、利益相关者理论、组织学习等理论,构建发现型机会与创造型机会的转化机理模型,系统分析多主体在发现型与创造型机会开发过程中发挥的重要作用。通过理论推导和对支付宝、余额宝的案例分析,提出多主体参与的发现型和创造型机会开发有助于形成机会集。本研究发现正是由于机会集的创建和拓展实现了发现型机会与创造型机会之间的转化,从而从多主体视角解释这两种类型机会间的转化机理。     

创业机会理论研究综述

创业机会是一种满足未满足的有效需要的可能性,它可以视为市场需求和企业家精神的一个交集,是企业家所能识别的有效需求。本文首先阐述了各学者对创业机会的界定,其次,分析了创业机会的来源,最后,评析了学者们在机会评估方面的研究成果,并指出进一步研究的发展空间。     

基于创业者个性特征的创业机会识别

创业机会识别是创业过程的起点，也是创业者的必备能力。本文从创业者个性特征视角透视机会识别的本质属性，探讨了机会识别概念、创业者个性特征及构建、创业者个性特征对机会识别的影响，为创业者如何在实践中更好地识别创业机会做了有益探索。     

机会-资源一体化对企业绩效的影响机制研究

为探究创业供应链视角下机会-资源一体化影响企业绩效的中介机制及边界条件,构建一个有调节的中介模型,并以一汽-大众上下游的454家创业供应链成员企业为样本展开实证分析。研究发现：创业供应链能力在机会-资源一体化与企业绩效之间起到中介作用;权力不对称负向调节了机会-资源一体化与创业供应链能力之间的关系;权力不对称对创业供应链能力的中介效应具有负向调节作用。     

基于创业视角的组织变革与市场过程研究

在组织变革研究的文献中,适应观和生态观一直是占主导地位的两类研究视角,本文在回顾这两大学派观点的基础上提出一种新的研究范式——基于创业的视角。研究发现,行动领先的企业高管通过主动搜寻来进行机会识别,并通过双重联结过程实施创业型行动,而企业的行为又会更新其他市场参与者的信念体系从而达到推动市场过程的目的。本文最后在动态竞争研究的框架下进一步分析了企业与环境共同演化的过程。     

Operational Entrepreneurship: How Operations Management Research Can Advance Entrepreneurship

In this article, we introduce the notion of operational entrepreneurship—the selection and management of transformation processes for recognizing, evaluating, and exploiting opportunities for potential value creation—to offer examples of research opportunities at the interface of entrepreneurship and operations management. Specifically, we believe that operations management has been under‐utilized for gaining a deeper understanding of (i) the knowledge and motivation required for opportunity recognition, (ii) evaluations of a recognized opportunity to determine if it represents an opportunity for the specific entrepreneur, and (iii) the role that feedback from an exploitation of a current opportunity plays in the recognition and evaluation of subsequent opportunities. We also introduce (but not develop) the notion of entrepreneurial operations.     

Strategic networks of discovery and creation entrepreneurs

Current research favors diversity within strategic networks as a source of idea generation and opportunity pursuit. However, diversity may not always be advantageous. Drawing from literature on entrepreneurial opportunities, social network theory, and cognitive psychology, it is argued in this paper that the level of diversity in entrepreneurial strategic networks differs based on the nature of the entrepreneurial opportunity context—discovery or creation. Competing hypotheses are developed for the nature of strategic networks in the discovery and creation opportunity contexts. The results from our two studies (using PSED II dataset and data collected from women entrepreneurs in India) show that entrepreneurial strategic networks differ based on whether entrepreneurs are pursuing discovery or creation opportunities, i.e., entrepreneurs operating in ‘discovery’ contexts tend to use networks ties with individuals who are relatively similar to themselves, while entrepreneurs in ‘creation’ contexts tend to use network ties with individuals who are relatively different from themselves. Further, the results also show that the diversity in strategic networks is not unidirectional in discovery and/or creation contexts but varies depending on the specific matters for which the entrepreneur seeks advice. Discussion and future research directions outline the unique findings of this study and potential implications for theory development.     

成长性、现有资产与β关系的上市公司实证研究

在资本资产定价模型(CAPM)中,β(系统风险)是决定资产定价的唯一因素。以我国A股上市公司为研究样本,通过将资产风险β分解为成长性风险βG和现有资产风险βA2个部分,探讨了公司的成长性和现有资产对β的影响。研究结果表明,总体上我国证券市场中上市公司的βA显著地大于βA,但不同行业间差异显著。进一步分析显示,若公司规模越大、账面市值比越高、同所处行业的市场竞争程度越低,不仅βG对β的影响更大,而且βG与βA间的差异也越明显。这表明,在我国证券市场中,βG既是β取值大小的重要因素,同时也是风险的主要来源。     

Innovation timing advantages: From economic theory to strategic application

First and second mover theory, as developed in industrial organization economics, maintains that firms can gain competitive advantage by using optimal timing in the introduction of innovations. Because the industry is the unit of analysis, the theory does not provide specific guidance for individual firms. We analyze the underlying sources of first and second mover timing advantages and clarify several issues regarding the basic theory. We then identify a variety of factors at the industry, firm and product/service levels and develop propositions showing their relations to individual firms in their efforts to benefit from timing advantages. We discuss the link which these indicator factors provide between economic theory and strategic timing choices. Finally, we suggest directions for research which would assist firms and their managers in selecting and pursuing innovation timing strategies.     

云南边疆少数民族间的"康吧"经济交往模式:理论与实证分析

"康吧"交往是纳西族与傈僳族、藏族之间一种独特而历史悠久的物质交换模式,它不符合理性选择的逻辑却能世代延续至今,同时,不同民族间的"康吧"交往又存在差异。本文借鉴西方主流理论对这种古老的交往模式进行分析,从经济学、社会学、人类学的多重理论角度出发,采用访谈、观察与定量分析相结合的研究方法,对上述现象进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)资源依赖性、信任和互惠原则对"康吧"交往的延续至关重要;(2)货币市场和投机行为的出现导致"康吧"交往走向衰落,但情感互惠和资源互补使之至今存在;(3)自然资源条件、资源互补程度、社会历史背景和文化因素,对交往模式的差异都有重要影响作用。     

International Strategy and Knowledge Creation: The Advantage of Foreignness and Liability of Concentration

International business scholars increasingly emphasize regional strategies based on an optimal location of downstream sales. There has been less scholarly attention, however, to the relationship between international strategy and upstream knowledge creation including R&D. Building on contemporary strategic management theory and the knowledge‐based view we remedy this. The viability of home‐regional or bi‐regional strategies is based on common assumptions that imply negative consequences of distance and foreignness for downstream sales and marketing and benefits from agglomeration for upstream knowledge creation activities including R&D. In contrast, we propose that upstream knowledge creation, radical innovation in particular, rather gains from distance and foreignness and from being dispersed, suggesting the effectiveness of a global strategy. Based on the resource‐based view and recent research on the economics of strategic opportunities and competitive advantage, we provide theoretical explanations for this. We demonstrate how a global multinational corporation is uniquely equipped with knowledge extensity including heterogeneous social‐identity frames in multiple sub‐units. Thanks to arbitrage advantages between the sub‐units’ separate and often locally embedded knowledge, a global multinational corporation can address complex interdependences and interactions between knowledge sets required for knowledge creation. This suggests that maximum exploration capabilities are made possible by a global rather than a home‐regional or bi‐regional strategy.     

基于知识创造和知识溢出的R&D联盟的动态模型

本文通过对R&D联盟中企业间知识创造和知识溢出的分析,给出了知识存量的一般表示方法,并将参与企业的知识投入和开放水平视为内生变量,构造了知识联盟R&D两阶段的非合作动态博弈模型,提出了在对称的情况下纳什均衡存在并有唯一解的条件,分析了知识投入和知识开放水平在联盟不同时期对企业均衡利润的影响,并通过案例对部分命题提供佐证。最后,在模型假设和模型思想方面进行了一些简单探讨。     

创业警觉性与创业机会的匹配研究

研究了创业警觉性和创业机会之间的匹配关系,指出创业警觉性和创业机会的匹配是机会发现的必要而非充分条件。创业警觉性与创业机会之间不仅需要实现强度与方向2个属性维度的匹配,而且要考虑动态性的匹配,其条件是在机会之窗从开启到关闭的期间内,随机出现的机会点必须落在创业警觉性区域之内。     

机会公平、倾斜政策与不对称锦标赛:一项实验研究

采用实验研究的方法评价机会公平规则和倾斜政策对员工努力水平及雇主收益的影响.利用对130个被试进行的7个实验,本文获得了如下研究结论:与基准实验相比,在不公平锦标赛实验中,被试的努力水平有所降低;在不对称锦标赛实验中,随着代理人能力不对称程度逐渐增加,有利被试和不利被试选择的努力水平均会减少;在倾斜政策实验中,实施倾斜政策并没有增加员工的总产出,因而也没有提高雇主的收益.文末从企业组织和政府政策两方面分析了研究结论的实际意义.     

Specters,Inc.: The Elusive Basis of the Corporation

In this article we discuss the political and economic consequences of the contemporary legal theory of incorporation. We argue that incorporation has developed historically in a way that makes it internally inconsistent, but that this inconsistency is useful for the powerful because of its legal and economic effects. The corporation can “shape shift,” which is very helpful for claiming some rights and disavowing certain responsibilities. Of course this flexibility comes at the expense of consistent concepts and this leads to the creation of what we term an “ideal‐type reified singular representation.” We go on to show the far‐reaching effects of this representation for legal studies, economics, and political theory, and show it worked in the pro‐corporate decision in the recent Citizens United case. We conclude by providing several alternative ways to think about the nature of corporate organization.