劳动力流动对农村经济的影响效应——基于对四川省调查数据的分析

本文以国家社科基金课题组2010年初在四川省63个自然村有无外出务工家庭的问卷调查为研究样本,分析四川省农村劳动力流动的个体特征,劳动力流动对农民家庭收支、福利及农户农业生产的影响。结果发现:农村劳动力流动对增加农村居民收入、缓解农民家庭贫困、改善农民家庭福利状况及促进土地流转具有积极效应;对农户劳动力和土地等基本资源的合理配置具有一定的促进作用,但对农业产出率的提高和技术进步的作用不显著。     

农村劳动力转移的健康选择机制研究

基于农业部农村固定观测点大规模的跟踪调查数据,本文检验了我国农村劳动力转移的健康选择机制。将滞后一期健康状况作为当期农村劳动力外出打工的初始影响因素,解决了健康与农村劳动力外出打工之间的内生性问题。分离了农村劳动力的前期迁移状态,有效区分了健康对农村劳动力迁移影响的健康移民效应和三文鱼偏误效应。研究发现,健康状况与中国农村劳动力外出打工迁移距离呈现正相关关系,身体健康状况较好的农村居民,外出打工迁移地点相距家乡较远。而对于已经外出打工的农村劳动力,一旦遭受健康冲击,则将发生回流的现象。健康对我国农村劳动力转移的影响,存在显著的健康移民效应和三文鱼偏误效应。     

中国农村地区的家庭禀赋与外出务工劳动力回流

中国农村地区家庭禀赋对个人的行为决策有着重要的影响,需要学术界予以更多的关注。为了考察外生性的家庭禀赋对劳动力就业流动的影响,文章通过构建新生代外出务工劳动力和户主子女的回流决策两个计量模型来进行经验论证。分析结果表明,农村劳动力的迁移选择是综合考虑家庭禀赋状况的理性决策,尤其是对于年轻一代的外出劳动力。家庭经济资本的增加会阻碍家庭外出务工成员的回流。外出劳动力回流的概率起初随着家庭人力资本和家庭自然资本的增长而上升,达到一定程度后开始下降。家庭成员只有拥有较为丰富的人力资本,外出务工劳动力才能对家庭社会资本加以充分利用。另外,分析显示年轻一代劳动力和第一代劳动力对家庭社会资本和自然资本的利用是有差异的。     

阶层分化与农民乡城永久迁移--基于CGSS 2010数据分析

CGSS 2010的数据分析发现,只有不到1/10的农民已经实现乡城永久迁移,接近1/10的农民有乡城永久迁移意愿.阶层分化对农民乡城永久迁移具有重要影响:白领阶层农民已经永久迁移和有永久迁移意愿的比率均最高,蓝领阶层和无业、失业、半失业者阶层次之,农业劳动者阶层最低;主观阶层、阶层流动预期对农民乡城永久迁移意愿具有正向影响,主观阶层等级越高,阶层流动预期越好的农民永久迁移意愿越高.新型城镇化的制度设计应改善蓝领阶层的生存环境、加大农民的职业技能培训、拓宽农民进入白领阶层的渠道,以推进农民的城镇化进程.     

农村劳动力流动及其对收入的影响——来自内蒙古赤峰市农村地区的证据

大量闲置的剩余劳动力从农村中流动出来 ,显著地提高了农村居民的收入。其影响机制是 :　　虽然外出劳动力户的家庭总收入低于非外出劳动力户 ,然而 ,外出劳动力对家庭收入的贡献 ,却要大于非外出劳动力。在影响劳动力外出决定的因素中 ,交通条件的影响并不大 ,而那些信息基础设施条件比较好的地区和教育程度高的劳动力 ,更容易外出打工     

中国农村外出劳动力回流与再外出研究

中国农村劳动力流动特征的变化不仅对区域劳动力供需平衡产生影响,也影响农民收入水平的提高和农村家庭收入结构的优化。文章对农村劳动力外出、回流、再外出的流动现象进行了分析,并利用2013和2018年上海财经大学千村调查数据进行实证检验。结果发现,中国农村劳动力存在反复流动的现象,外出的原因主要为增加收入,回流的原因主要为照顾老人及子女等非经济因素,流出地与流入地在政治、社会及环境生态等方面的差异促使回到流出地的劳动力心理成本不降反增而再外出,再外出的原因还与农业经营收入的相对低稳定性有关。厘清农村劳动力回流与再外出的机制和影响因素,有利于制定保持区域劳动力供需平衡的相关政策。     

劳动力流动对流动者人力资本形成的效应探析

文章利用在西部地区8个样本村调查所获得的资料,对比分析了农村外出打工者外出前后自身变化,说明了劳动力流动对流动者自身人力资本存量的影响。研究结果表明,农村劳动力流动对劳动者本身人力资本的形成存在着正负两个方面的影响,在当前农村人力资本投资相对有限的情况下,发挥流动对人力资本的正面作用对提高农村人力资本现状至关重要。     

农村劳动力流动对缓解贫困的实证分析

本文利用对甘肃省国家扶贫开发重点县六个样本村的调查资料。在总结贫困地区致贫基本原因的基础上,运用Probit模型,研究了劳动力流动及其相关因素对缓解农村贫困的作用。研究结果表明,家庭劳动力数量、外出劳动力数量、流动者年龄及受教育程度、流动时间的长短、流动的稳定性、流动区域等因素对缓解家庭贫困具有十分积极的作用,外出打工已成为农村缓解贫困的主要途径。     

家庭禀赋对农民外出务工行为的影响

文章基于2007年8～9月对湖北省丹江口市、郧县和河南省淅川县58村3145户农村居民的抽样调查,以新迁移经济学为理论基础,利用OLS回归模型,分析构成农户家庭禀赋的物质资本、社会资本和人力资本对成员外出务工决策的影响.研究表明,农户家庭禀赋对农民外出务工决策有着显著的影响,家庭人力资本和社会资本越丰富,成员外出的可能性越大.家庭财富积累状况和耕地数量与成员外出务工人数和可能性成"U"字形相关关系,家庭经济条件较差和较好的农民更倾向于外出务工.农民外出务工存在着家庭内在延续效应,有外出务工经验的家庭,家庭成员更容易外出.     

农村劳动力流动减贫效应的实证研究——基于甘肃省农户的调查

农村劳动力流动和转移是农村反贫困的重要路径之一,对缓解农村贫困有重要的作用。本文以甘肃省1 749个农户的调研数据为研究样本,在描述性统计分析的基础之上提出关于劳动力流动和贫困之间关系的四个假设。针对提出的假设,本文采用Double-log模型对农户收入进行弹性分析,发现农户家庭外出务工劳动力对农户家庭人均收入有显著的正向作用,进一步应用Probit模型对影响农户家庭劳动力流动的因素进行回归分析,发现外出劳动力的年龄、性别、职业、受教育程度、健康状况及工作地点和主要技能等对劳动力流动有重要的直接影响且间接地影响家庭的贫困状况,进而直接或间接地对所提出的假设进行了证明。劳动力流动与贫困之间存在双向关系,务工收入是农户家庭的主要收入来源。因此,劳动力流动对于减少农村贫困发生率,促进农业生产要素的合理配置和缓解农村生态贫困等都有积极作用。     

我国农村剩余劳动力转移的途径及面临的困境

我国农村剩余劳动力的数量较大,主要转向大中城市、小城镇、农村二、三产业和深层次农业。转移过程中面临的困境既有剩余劳动力自身的因素,也有城市就业压力大、城市化进程缓慢、“小城镇病”等外部因素。     

劳动力就业城市选择对城市工资溢价的影响

中国逐步从定居社会转变为流迁社会,劳动力大范围流动体现在就业城市的自主选择上,该行为对城市工资溢价产生持续影响,同时城市工资溢价又影响劳动力的就业城市选择。利用2017年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,构建包含个体选择的处置效应模型,实证分析发现,中国存在城市工资溢价现象,劳动力的异质性特征和城市差异性特征显著影响就业城市选择行为;纠正劳动力城市选择的内生二元选择偏差后,发现中国特大城市和超大城市的工资溢价变大,而大城市的工资溢价消失,中小城市工资比大城市更有竞争力。中国城市体系中的首尾优势是劳动力理性选择就业城市的结果,这为中国实施差异化的城市发展政策来实现城市体系的整体优化和内部协调提供了新思路。     

农民工失业保险需求影响因素研究——基于深圳市农民工调查的分析

根据2008年5月对深圳市农民工失业保险现状与需求实态调查数据,运用Logistic回归模型,定量分析了农民工参加失业保险的主要影响因素。研究结果表明：农民工的文化程度、支出水平、再就业的难易程度、在城市工作的年限、长远打算和对未来生活的预期是影响其参保的主要因素,提出了尽快把农民工纳入失业保险范围、加强农民工的教育培训和拓展就业途径等政策建议。     

不同流迁意愿下流动人口的社会保险状况及其对策——基于对福州市的调查

流动人口内部并不是一个均质的整体,根据其流迁意愿的不同,可以分为打算在城镇定居、继续在城市和家乡之间循环流动、返回家乡定居三种流迁意向,而各个亚群体内部因自身特点或流迁特征的不同,对各种社会保险的需求状况也存在差异,因此本文基于对福州市流动人口所做的600份问卷调查,探讨了不同流迁意愿下流动人口参与社会保险的实际情况及其对各类险种的需求状况,并在此基础上针对不同流迁意愿流动人口的需求特点提出相应的解决对策。     

The differential migration of population in China: the analysis on sample survey data on urban population migration in 74 towns]

The paper analyzed data from a migration survey in 74 Chinese cities and towns in 1986. Several characteristics of the migrant population were found from the data analysis. The biggest proportion of migrants was in 20-24 age group. This age group sent 26.1% of the migrants to metro-cities, 27.6% to large cities, 25.1% to median sized cities, 22.4% to small cities, and 22.2% to towns. Migrants in the 15-29 age groups accounted for 50% of the migrants to different-sized cities and towns. Female migration is 4.2-15.4% lower than male. The proportion migrating because of marriage ranged between 84/7-92.5% to different-sized cities for females, which is much higher than for males. The level of education in the migrant population is higher than in the general population, as educational qualifications are important for job opportunities. Those with middle school and above education, make up the bulk of the migrants, and 30-40% of the migrant population to big cities increased their educational level after migrating. The currently and never married comprise, the majority of the migrant population, while the number of widowed and divorced is minimal (2 and 0.4%, respectively). Most of the widowed were 60 years old and migrated for subsistence to cities where their children lived. Among the unmarried migrants, female make up 1/3. Whereas among the married, there are more females than males.     

青岛市外来劳动人口调查

如何解决沿海城市不断涌入的外来劳动人口和本地劳动人口的就业问题,是我国城镇化发展过程中一些区域中心城市面临的共同难题。基于对近年青岛市外来劳动人口状况的调查,基本摸清了该城市外来劳动人口的主要特点,分析阻碍吸纳外来劳动人口的原因。根据"敞开大门、城乡兼顾、平等对待、有序流动"的原则,提出改善管理、缓解就业压力的政策建议。     

山东丘陵地区农村剩余劳动力转移态势与路径探讨

根据对山东省丘陵地区临沭县的农户外出打工情况的抽样调查,研究发现:目前山东丘陵地区农村剩余劳动力外出打工情况是相当普遍的,打工对家庭的收入具有决定性的影响,打工的主要原因是城乡收入差距,其次才是劳动力剩余和年轻人渴望从事非农业生产等原因。存在缺乏双亲监督,留守儿童读书不理想的家庭约有20%。当地政府对农民外出打工起到的引导作用比较有限,调查中接受过政府培训或者由政府组织外出打工的农民仅约占20%。当地招商引资项目对就业的拉动效果不太明显,文章呼吁一定要注意发挥我国劳动力便宜的相对比较优势,走劳动密集型道路,以求拉动就业。关于劳动力转移的态势,研究发现,农村25岁以下,初中以上文化程度的劳动力供给已经出现逐年减少的趋势。估计在不久的未来,流向城市的农村剩余劳动力虽然总量上不会减少,但是真正能够融入城市工业化进程的农村年轻知识型劳动力(知识型在这里指初中以上文化程度)的供给会出现短缺。     

An Explanatory Model for Projecting Regional Fertility Differences in the Netherlands

Current differences in the level of the total fertility rate (TFR) between Dutch municipalities are smaller than they were in the 1970s and 1980s. Nevertheless, there are still considerable differences. Small municipalities have higher TFRs than large cities. This article aims to answer the question whether these differences will decline further until differences between large and small cities disappear. For that purpose we develop a regression model of regional differences in the TFR including demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural variables. Using the estimation results we decompose differences in fertility between large and small cities into the contribution of differences in levels of the determinants versus differences in the relationships between the determinants and fertility. The results show that differences in cultural variables have a larger effect on differences in the TFR than the demographic and socioeconomic variables. As cultural differences do not tend to change quickly, they will not lead to quick changes in regional differences in the TFR. Demographic differences are not expected to lead to strong changes either, as the two demographic variables (household structure and ethnic structure) have opposite effects. As the effect of the socioeconomic variable is caused by differences in the magnitude of the regression coefficient rather than by differences in the value of this variable, even if differences in this variable disappeared, this would still not lead to convergence of the TFR. Thus the article concludes that differences in the TFR between large and small cities are not likely to diminish quickly.     

Subjektivierung der Biographie. Lebensorientierungen und Anspruchshaltungen

Opposing the tendency within current analyses in the social sciences to draw a conclusion from present changes in people??s working and living conditions to corresponding social-psychic dispositions, this article both theoretically and empirically develops the thesis that people??by considering structural preconditions??put demands on themselves and structure their resources and possible courses of action. In order to understand how this is done, the article develops the concept of ??life-orientation??. By means of four exemplary typifications of life-orientations gained from a research project on employees?? demands on work, we will demonstrate that established beliefs about actual forms of subjectivity are in need of correction.     

City Branding and Social Inclusion in the Glocal City

Abstract

This article begins with a re-assessment of city branding that focuses on the marketing strategies routinely employed to promote a competitive identity for the contemporary ‘glocal’ city, before moving on to the issue of social inclusion. Combining a socio-semiotic approach with recent insights from urban studies, it explores a sample of 12 British city council websites to discuss to what extent web-mediated communication, within the modernisation agenda espoused by local authorities, may effectively help to represent and give voice to today’s multicultural and migrant urban communities. The article adopts a critical reading of municipal websites with the aim of understanding how a social inclusion agenda can be incorporated into the authoritative and functional discourse typically used by the sites and proposes that the onset of new interactive technologies, such as blogs and social networks, do have significant democratic potential in this respect, even though their incorporation into the sites is still at a preliminary stage. As such, the article is concerned with how flows of information and people are coming together in the early twenty-first century and transforming what began as a static textual/discursive space into one that is responsive to the flux of the contemporary city. At the time of writing, this is very much a communication revolution in the making, with the new interactive portals sitting somewhat awkwardly alongside information-based web pages and links. In addition, the article investigates the ways in which the sites attempt to present their cities as diasporic, cosmopolitan and ‘glocalized’ spaces, paying particular attention to the subjugated discourse of migration and the way that the cities’ non-white population is fixed and bounded by aesthetic and discursive means.