21世纪中东和平进程的难题——耶路撒冷问题

随着中东和平进程的进展,耶路撒冷问题显示出了它的“不可回避性”。这一问题解决得如何将直接影响巴以和平,但要解决它困难重重。本文试对耶路撒冷问题的渊源作回顾,对影响其解决的因素和围绕耶城地位之争作探析,并在此基础上对耶路撒冷问题解决的前景进行展望。     

耶路撒冷问题探析

耶路撒冷问题是中东和谈中最棘手的问题,它涉及到主权归属、民族、宗教等复杂内容.耶路撒冷问题是历史形成的,所以用历史的眼光来考察,才能抓住问题的突质,进而探寻解决的办法.本文就耶路撒冷问题形成的历史渊源作一初步探讨.     

耶路撒冷问题面面观

阿以和谈中,最棘手最敏感的当数“圣城”耶路撒冷问题。它不仅关系到主权归属,而且涉及到宗教和民族等都极为错踪复杂的内容。巴解和以色列坚持对耶城的主权要求,各不相让,矛盾愈演愈烈;约旦与巴解之间在东耶宗教管理权问题上分歧不断加大;沙特、摩洛哥、梵蒂冈甚至埃及等国或出于扩大宗教影响的考虑,或为了政治上的需要,也都觊觎这座圣城,更增加了耶城问题的复杂性。但是解决耶路撒冷问题决非易事,将经历一段非同寻常的艰难和曲折过程。 一、耶路撒冷问题的历史渊源 耶路撒冷是一座历史名城,距今已有5000多年的历史。在阿拉伯语和希伯来语中,耶路撒冷均为“和平之城”之意,但事实上这座“和平之城”却饱经忧患,鲜有和平之日。许多世纪以来,该城一直是兵家必争之地,战乱不息。历史上,这里曾先后留下犹太部落、亚述王国、新巴比伦王国、波斯帝国、罗马帝国、阿拉伯帝国、十字军、奥斯曼帝国等众多朝代的痕迹。到了近代,围绕耶路撒冷主权和宗教等权利的争执和纠纷趋于激烈。1917年,耶路撒冷为英国占领,1947年联合国通过决议,将其定为国际城市。1948年第一次中东战争中,该城被一分为二,以色列占领新城,约旦占领了旧城及其东北部地区。1950年,以色烈宣布将首都从特拉维夫迁到耶路撒冷。1967年第三次中     

千年圣城,谁主沉浮?——浅析阿以对圣城耶路撒冷的争夺

圣城耶路撒冷的归属是中东和平进程的一个关键问题。耶路撒冷作为一座特殊的、具有国际意义的千年圣城,它在宗教、民族等方面的复杂性决定了任何代表单一宗教利益的政治势力都不能排除其他宗教和民族在当代耶路撒冷应具有的历史和现实地位,都应承认耶路撒冷的多重属性,并本着理智的和现实的态度同对方寻求切实可行的解决办法。这种解决需要时间、耐心和智慧。     

古城耶路撒冷

耶路撒冷是中东地区的一座古城,至今已有五千年的历史.这里有许多名胜古迹和神奇的传说,是犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教三大教的圣地. 耶路撒冷所在地最早叫做“耶布斯”.后来,阿拉伯部族的迦南人在这里兴建城市,取名“尤罗萨利姆”,意思是“和平之城”,汉语译为耶路撒冷.阿拉伯人把耶路撒冷叫做“古德斯”,意为“圣城”. 耶路撒冷位于巴勒斯坦中部,海拔高约800米,面积108平方公里,由旧城和新城两部分组成.旧城有古老的城墙围绕,城墙高     

巴以最终地位谈判中的难民问题

在巴以最终地位的谈判中,难民问题很可能成为最难解决的问题.巴方原先一直坚持要求落实1948年11月11日联合国的194号决议与1974年11月20日通过的《联合国关于巴勒斯坦问题的决议》.但随着和平进程和巴以局势的发展,阿拉法特在巴难民问题上显示了一定的灵活性,准备在1948年的难民问题上作些退让,以换得以色列在耶路撒冷问题上的让步,因而受到阿拉伯有关方面及新闻媒体的批评.巴难民问题的最终解决值得关注.     

阿克萨清真寺宗教和政治功能解读

作为伊斯兰世界的第三大圣寺,阿克萨清真寺有着重要的宗教和政治功能,是伊斯兰宗教建筑和伊斯兰教的象征.对巴勒斯坦来说,它是国家的象征、主权的象征,也是其民族团结的象征;对以色列来说,阿克萨清真寺旁的"西墙"遗址是犹太民族信仰和民族精神的集中体现.正是由于阿克萨具有如此重要的社会功能,导致阿以之间围绕耶路撒冷老城的争夺异常激烈,并使之成为阿以和平进程中的一个"死结".     

巴以最终地位谈判中的难民问题

在巴以最终地位的谈判中，难民问题很可能成为最难解决的问题。巴方原先一直坚持要求落实1948年11月11日联合国的194号决议与1974年11月20日通过的《联合国关于巴勒斯坦问题的决议》。但随着和平进程和巴以局势的发展，阿拉法特在巴难民问题上显示了一定的灵活性，准备在1948年的难民问题上作些退让，以换得以色列在耶路撒冷问题上的让步，因而受到阿拉伯有关方面及新闻媒体的批评。巴难民问题的最终解决值得关注。     

2001年美国中东政策之转变

美国的中东政策一向与它的战略利益、经济利益紧密联系在一起.过去一年,巴以间的相互攻击和报复与反报复的暴力冲突几乎从未停止.美国作为"国际警察",在巴以问题上,从相对"超脱"到"更积极"介入,无不是从其本国利益出发.9·11事件使美国意识到,解决巴以冲突进而实现中东和平,是和反恐战争相一致的.只有通过和平手段,公平合理地解决巴以冲突,真正实现中东和平,才能对恐怖主义做到釜底抽薪的作用.     

巴以和解政策困境中的耶路撒冷问题

造成巴以和解政策困境的原因极为复杂,在耶路撒冷被国际与地区势力政治化的博弈中,耶路撒冷问题衍化为巴以和解政策困境的关键:两个耶路撒冷话语体系的冲突、两个耶路撒冷圣城之子的身份冲突、从“异教徒”到“敌人”意象的相互构建及美欧耶路撒冷政策的博弈等.因此,进一步加强“耶路撒冷共识”的话语建设、在中东“四方机制”基础上加强巴以和解机制建设,以及在“劝和促谈”基础上构建中国式治理模式等均成为破解巴以和解政策困境的应因举措.     

Alligators in the sewer,dragons in the well and Freud in the toilet

One of the most popular of all urban legends is the story about alligators in the sewers of New York (abbreviated AIS story). While previous investigations have been concerned with the historical origins of AIS stories, this article is concerned with developing a psychoanalytic explanation which accounts for the continuing popularity of such stories. In developing such an explanation, this article makes use of the association between‘penis’ and ‘feces,’ an association that is very likely among the earliest associations formed in the human mind. Given the penis = feces association, and given Freud's suggestion that the young child will typically take defecation as a model for castration, it is argued that AIS stories are ultimately concerned with castration. The fact that ‘castration’ has different connotations for males and females helps to explain some of the details invariably incorporated into an AIS story. Finally, the argument developed in connection with modern AIS stories is used to provide a new perspective upon traditional English stories about dragons.     

Constructions of Europe in the run-up to the EU referendum in the UK

The paper reports findings from a focus group study on representations of Europe, conducted in England in the run-up to the UK EU referendum. Four themes were identified in the analysis: ‘cultured Europe’; ‘little Europe/global Britain’; ‘Europe as a cultural threat’; and ‘Eastern vs. Western Europe’. Analysis of these themes showed that Europe was an ambivalent identity category that could encapsulate contrary ideas such as cosmopolitanism/isolationism and cultural enrichment/undermining. Europe’s relation to Britain was also ambivalent in the data. Britain could be positioned as superior to Europe, sometimes being seen as closer to the ‘European essence’ in the context of the EU’s eastward expansion, which was seen as diluting European culture. But, Britain could also be seen as backward compared to the idea of cosmopolitan continental Europe. These different lines of argument and their ideological underpinnings are explored in the discussion of the findings.     

Reviewing the Relationship Between the Voluntary Sector and the State in Britain in the 1990s

There have been three major analytical reviews that have examined the voluntary–statutory relationship during the 1990s, one undertaken by government in 1990 and the other two independently in 1993 and 1996. This article suggests that an historical understanding of this relationship (especially in terms of its sociopolitical dimensions) is crucial, but was missing from the 1990 review and misrepresented by the 1993 review. The 1996 document has been subjected to harsh criticism, but it was arguably sounder in its understanding of this fundamental issue. The national compact between representatives of the voluntary sector and the state, launched at the end of 1998, has built upon the arguments put forward in 1996. However, the paper suggests that given the vexed history of partnership between the sectors and the extent to which the statutory sector has become the dominant partner at the end of the 20th century, it would be premature to be overly optimistic. The paper examines three major shifts in the voluntary–statutory relationship during the 20th century, before reviewing the 1990s' documents in more detail.     

Aesthetes in the marketplace: Collectors in the gun business

Marketplaces can provide settings for the appreciation of beauty and the creation of community. The author examines how gun collectors who buy and sell guns continue to see themselves as aesthetes rather than dealers. Gun collector-dealers turn economic encounters at commercial gun shows into occasions for teaching others the symbolic uses of guns — as artifacts, curios, andobjets d'art. Economic relations can produce aesthetic value even when the objects exchanged are conventionally defined as symbols of violence and not beauty.     

Interethnic marriages in the USSR in the mid-1930s

"The present article will attempt to determine the extent of interethnic marriage in the Soviet Union in the mid-1930s, utilizing materials from the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR." Interethnic marriage is analyzed according to Union Republic, rural or urban area, and socioeconomic and cultural development.     

Resiliency in the Aftermath of Repetitious Violence in the Workplace

Summary

The definition and occurrence of traumatic events is expanding and impacts everyone's lives in some way. The degree to which a violent event impacts an individual, a group, a workplace or the community varies. Unfortunately violent events are all too common. Businesses are realizing the significance of violence as a workplace problem and the varying degrees of trauma that has a devastating impact on employee retention, workplace functionality and personal well-being. The events can include industrial or natural disasters; worksite accidents; organizational changes; suicide; homicides; robbery; assault; threats of violence and even terrorism. How prepared an organization is varies and may be correlated with how resilient individuals and the entire workplace are after workplace violence/trauma. This article focuses on what workplace violence and trauma includes, the effects of repeat events, how resilient people are while trying to prevent additional events if possible in the workplace.     

Economic socialization in the kibbutz and the town in Israel

This study compared the economic understanding and attitudes of children living in the city with those living in a kibbutz, collective villages where an extreme socialist lifestyle is practised and preached. The differences in the answer patterns of the urban and kibbutz children were not very large, but the pattern was clear, and in keeping with the dominant ideology in both places: socialist in the kibbutz, middle-class capitalist in the city.     

Settlement evolution in the Arena society in the urban field

Post-modern spatial relationships at the outer edge of Toronto's urban field are interpreted within the context of the Arena Society and urban field concepts. Custom census tabulations of commuting and migration show that although there are strong migration ties between Toronto and communities in the south Georgian Bay study area, most work trips are short and link settlements to the next place up the local settlement hierarchy. Migration from rural townships to urban areas, and between communities in the study area is also significant. A case study of Thornbury demonstrates that it is an ‘Amenity/Affinity/Niche’ community as suggested by the two concepts. It has developed a strong retail/service sector in response to the post-modern conditions facilitating economic links to Toronto and the ‘Golden Horseshoe’, but has also attracted tourists and residents because of its accessible location and appealing amenity characteristics. Local diversification as suggested by the Arena Society concept has combined with the economic interaction proposed by the urban field literature to stimulate settlements in the study area. The Arena Society and urban field concepts are mirror images and should be employed together when interpreting post-industrial settlement evolution.