管理学范式视角下理论融合的内在逻辑与理论建构

理论融合属于基于范式的一般理论创新,是推动中层理论发展的重要基础。从管理学范式的视角对理论融合的内在逻辑和理论建构进行分析,利用多中心性思想辨析不同范式间的复杂关联,并构建新的范式研究体系来调和观点纷争以实现“求同存异”。不同的范式会依据兼容性与一致性的逻辑规则来推动理论融合,围绕边界分别形成范式分离、范式连接、范式互补和范式叠加的关联形式。这决定了源于不同范式产生的单一理论在融合过程中的结构关系,有助于完成理论建构并产生新的视角来增强对管理活动的解释力度。     

基于奥苏伯尔理论的房地产开发经营教学研究

本文基于奥苏伯尔有意义接受学习理论对于普通高校本科房地产开发与经营课程进行教学研究。本文首先研究了奥氏理论提出的"接受学习"、"意义学习"在房地产开发与经营课程的教学实践中的具体应用;其次,本文基于奥氏理论提出了房地产开发与经营课程教学中的学习条件创设和教学技术手段选择;第三,本文就奥氏理论的不足提出了在房地产开发与经营课程教学实践中要补充应用"元认知"和"发现学习"。     

动态能力、技术范式转变与创新战略——基于腾讯微信“整合”与“迭代”微创新的纵向案例分析

本文力图拓展动态能力的理论内涵,将其界定为企业在技术范式转变时期应对混沌、复杂环境的整合与重构能力。据此架构了一个基于动态能力、技术范式和创新战略行为之间半交互影响的理论框架,用以分析技术范式转变时期企业动态能力对其创新战略行为的支撑机制和作用机理。依托这一理论框架,文章尝试打开近期移动互联网业界热点问题——"微创新"的黑箱,对腾讯微信的"整合"与"迭代"微创新战略进行了深度纵向案例研究。研究发现微信微创新战略成功的机理是,在强大的动态能力支撑条件下,抓住了技术范式变化的战略机遇,通过有效的组织学习和知识管理,以及强大的跨界(跨地域、跨行业、跨企业)虚拟整合能力,将从组织内外部搜索、学习到的分散的技术知识,基于用户信息体验消费对创新活动进行快速、反复、精确迭代,领导竞争对手、合作伙伴、先导顾客进行开放式的协同创新,并通过有效的微创新质量控制,降低创新失败的不确定性和风险,成为支撑移动互联网时代第三方服务的平台级产品,最终实现颠覆式创新和价值创造。本文的理论贡献在于:丰富、升华了动态能力的理论内涵,从技术范式的高度对互联网企业微创新战略的内在机理进行了开拓性分析,阐释了技术范式转变时期动态能力对创新战略的动力支撑机制,为处在技术范式变革中的互联网企业开展创新活动提供了理论支撑和实践指导。     

巴基斯坦商业银行业的结构和表现探析

商业银行是一个国家经济运行的重要枢纽,中巴经济合作的进一步深化必须要有双方商业银行的参与。而合作的前提是相互了解,本文将基于传统产业组织学理论的结构(Structure)--行为(Conduct)--绩效(Performance)范式对巴基斯坦商业银行业的结构和表现进行探析。     

档案管理范式在国内的发展

范式理论的广泛应用,对档案管理工作的更新转型发挥着重要的作用。档案管理范式在我国的发展和进步极大地推动了我国档案和档案管理工作的历史进程。本文将就档案管理范式的内涵和变迁,以及档案管理范式在我国的发展状况予以探讨。     

一种新的管理范式——基于研究证据的管理

在分析经验、理论的可错性基础上,指出了现行管理的问题;在吸收当代美国学者研究成果的基础上,通过移植溯因推理和双环学习概念,开发了一种将具体组织作为实验对象的新管理范式--基于研究证据的管理;认为基于研究证据的管理是企业做大、做强的基础,是管理者胜任力提高的有效途径.基于管理的本质特征和其所隐含的逻辑机制,论证了新管理范式的有效性;对实施基于研究证据的管理的难点做了较系统的分析,指出加强"元技能"的培养是推广该范式的有效途径.     

“造山”:以知识和学习为基础的企业的新逻辑

在知识经济时代经营的企业需有不同于以往任何时代的企业的新逻辑 .本文将这一新逻辑概括为以知识和学习为基础 ,并以地质史上的“造山运动”作比 ,对新企业观进行了全面框架性的研究 .新企业观的理论基础是知识与学习理论 ,新企业组织的典型模式是团队型组织 ,管理的实质在于通过知识的转化和联合获得能力提升 ,经营逻辑追求知识超越 ,从而全面回答了以知识和学习为基础的企业的主要特征     

企业系统演化及管理混沌理论的研究概述

系统管理理论的发展需要新范式．非线性系统理论的引入则为这种新范式的产生与传统范式的转换提供了一个理论框架,本文在综述国内外关于企业系统演化及管理混沌理论的研究现状基础上,指出当前表研究领域存在的不足和需要进一步研究的内容．     

历史唯物主义批判范式下的红色廉政文化研究

研究范式是被科学家所共同接受的理论、假说、准则与方法的总和,其实际上是对本体论、认识论、方法论的基本承诺。历史唯物主义批判范式是站在历史的角度,客观地剖析社会存在的发展状况。本文将在历史唯物主义批判范式下对红色廉政文化的研究现状进行解析,从红色廉政文化的内涵、形态、主要时期、价值与路径出发,厘清其在学界的研究状况,并针对研究中出现的问题予以反思。     

一个二元范式下的战略分析框架

通过将组织研究领域的"二元"思想引申到战略领域,以理论推演为主要手段得到一个二元范式下的战略分析框架。二元范式不但能够解释近年来广受关注的竞合理论、共演理论、成本创新理论、全球本地化理论等,而且作为一种研究范式,将传统的战略主流理论与上述新兴思想有机地结合在一起。该范式对于具有东方文化背景的企业和新兴市场企业的战略行为具有较强的解释力。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.