中东经济现代化研究述评

20世纪80年代末期以来,国内外掀起了关于现代化的研究热潮;同时,中东地区的经济发展形势也有了新的变化,逐渐吸引了国内少数学者的视线.进入90 年代,关注中东经济现代化研究的学者越来越多,研究成果也日渐丰富.本文对这些成果进行了总结和述评,认为前人的研究取得了相当大的成就,但也存在着不足之处,因此在这一领域还存在有许多空间,待有志于这方面研究的学者去更深入地拓展和钻研.     

战后美国的当代伊斯兰中东研究(下)

三、70年代初至80年代初的研究概貌及演进到70年代初,由于中东国家并没有走上西方现代化理论所预言的发展道路,美国伊斯兰中东研究中的现代化理论影响渐小。不过,大多数美国学者并未否定该理论,而是开始研究现代化构想在中东实施过程中遇到的障碍究竟是什么,     

人口“逆淘汰”：事实还是伪命题？

20世纪70年代末80年代初，迫于巨大的人口压力，中国政府开始实行控制人口数量增长的计划生育政策。到80年代末90年代初，国家对既定计划生育政策陆续做过一些微调，并最终形成了“提倡一胎、控制二胎、杜绝三胎”的“独生子女政策”。经过长期坚持不懈的努力，我国计划生育政策取得了明显的成效，人口增长速度得到了有效控制。但是，也有学者认为，我国计划生育政策在取得巨大成就的同时，也引发了一些令人堪忧的问题。     

关于中东问题研究的一些探讨

1990年10月下旬在北京召开了中国中东学会第三次代表大会。在学术讨论会上,国务院国际问题研究中心研究部主任、中国国际问题研究中心常务干事、中国中东学会副会长万光同志作了一个提纲挈领式的发言,对如何深入开展中东问题的研究,从哪些课题着手等,提出了很有见地的意见,受到了与会者的重视和好评。海湾危机的爆发,使中东地区又一次成为热点中的热点,90年代乃至下个世纪,中东必然仍是世界瞩目的地区,那里的各种矛盾和冲突,也必将受到人们更多的关注。我们认为,加强我国的中东问题研究,是一项刻不容缓的迫切任务。发表万光同志的这篇讲话,是希望能对广大读者有所启迪和帮助,更希望能引起学者专家更深入的研讨,从而把我国的中东问题研究进一步推向前进。     

社会学是怎样淡出高校的（二）社会学家的专业观是怎样改变的（下）

大致说，20世纪50年代初期，社会学者大多或主动或被动，或多或少，都在反省、调整自己．寻找新的位置，但也有少数社会学者怀有抗拒的心情。     

中国现代人口统计之路（三）

自20世纪20年代始，陈达便力倡“生育节制”。抗战时期。他在云南主持了以现代统计方法进行的较大规模的人口普查。陈达等社会学者认为。人口问题的研究可以为中国社会科学的发展以及中国的现代化建设打下基础。     

重归总体性思考，重建中国认同——张旭东教授访谈录

总体性的时代社会观察：在1980年代自由和启蒙的氛围里，您去美国选择了左翼学者、马克思主义文化批评家杰姆逊（中文名詹明信）做导师,这是偶然的还是有原因的？张旭东：其实无所谓左和右，当时我们出国就是要向一流学者学习，比如甘阳去了芝加哥学术思想委员会求学，那是一个被看作右的地方，但是真正有实力的右派同样对现实有批判性思考。     

抗拒与变迁：中东经济现代化的多维透视

本文对现代中东经济发展的动力与阻力分别进行了分析，作者认为，中东民族主义政权的建立，中东石油的发现和开采，及赶超西方的自强意识，为中东经济现代化提供了重要的政治、经济和精神动力；与此同时，国家主导型的现代化的不确定性，落后的社会心理结构对经济发展的制约、持续不断的地区冲突，及来自伊斯兰传统势力的反对又使中东经济现代化举步维艰，在很大程度上抵消了中东国家致力于经济现代化的努力。     

蒋旨昂的社会工作体系探索

上世纪三四十年代，在抗日救亡大背景之下，蒋旨昂、李安宅、杨开道等中国社会学学者和社会工作学者们掀起了中国社会工作本土化的第一股浪潮。在这之前，中国的社会工作理论和方法尽管得到了初步的发展，专业的社会工作理论也初步展现，然而还远未成体系。这阻碍了社会工作的继续发展和在社会建设中发挥其应有的作用，在此契机下，蒋旨昂萌生了在教学和实践经验基础上“用社会学的观点，来建立中国社会工作之体系（下称‘体系’）”的想法。这个倾向于实用的体系是建立在深刻的社会背景之上的，对中国社会工作的发展有深远意义。     

美国学者看美国中东政策

1986年11月,中国中东问题学者代表团应邀访问美国.访问期间,正好碰上里根政府向伊朗秘密出售武器事件被揭露,在美国引起轩然大波.美国中东问题学者们对我们说:“你们在这个时候来到这里了解美国对中东的看法和政策,真是恰逢其时.”我们访问了一些美国大学里的中东研究中心以及专门的研究机构,谈话中经常涉及的一个主题是美国的中东政策.我们参加在波士顿举行的北美中东学会1986年年会,年会期间的一些讨论会也热烈讨论美国的中东     

Experiences of children in armed conflict in Nepal

This paper is based on the real life stories of child soldiers and children directly affected by armed conflict from different parts of the country from 2005 to 2009. These field based interviews were conducted with about 400 children between ages 12 and 18 from various researches throughout the country and with participants of HimRights programs. This article is based on primary information of children affected by armed conflict. The aim of this paper is to elaborate on the circumstances that led to their involvement as child soldiers, their expectations and harrowing experiences, and the negative and positive impact on children. The paper focuses on how both sides of conflicting parties used children as child soldiers, forcibly or voluntarily. Some children were attracted to Maoists ideology and rhetoric, singing/dancing, food/clothing/education while others were abducted or forced to join through the “one house one person policy”. Some children joined the insurgency as the last resort due to lack of community support, and after the deaths of their parents. It also looks at how schools were used as recruitment centers and battleground during this time. Gender-based violence has occurred rampantly during armed conflict in Nepal but respondents do not want to discuss openly about it, nor are government or civil society. Furthermore, this paper also deals with challenges of reintegration of child soldiers. They have had to face ostracism in their homes, schools and communities and are using substance abuse as a coping mechanism and the need for support and empathy at both the societal and policy level is indicated.     

Asian multiculturalism in communication: Impact of culture in the practice of public relations in Singapore

This study aims to understand the role of cultural values in influencing public relations practice in Singapore. Given that Singapore exhibits a hybrid of cultures, it purposes to comprehend how multiculturalism is operationalized and to uncover if the values that have a greater influence on organizational communication resemble those in individualistic or collectivistic societies. Using Gudykunst’s (1998) seven dimensions that influence individualism-collectivism on communication as a guide, this study interviewed 20 public relations practitioners in Singapore. Our findings showed that although the patterns expressed is slightly more consistent with those found in collectivistic cultures, it does not resemble collectivism in entirety. Multiculturalism in Singapore displays a blend of certain cultural hybridity, which is aligned with it being a multicultural cosmopolitan city that embodies Western modernity while retaining its Asian values. Our findings further reinforced the idea that public relations professionals need to be multicultural themselves to effectively communicate with culturally diverse stakeholders in today’s globalizing era of multiculturalism.     

Assessment of Children in Need in a Post-Soviet Context: Reflections of Child Protective Workers in Estonia

Child protective worker perspectives and principles are known to affect practitioner–-client interaction. However, there is little research on the principles underpinning workers’ assessment activities in transitioning post-Soviet societies where child protection is a relatively new field. This article presents the findings of a small-scale, qualitative study that explored the perspectives and principles that Estonian child protective workers utilize to inform their assessments. The respondents (N = 20) provided examples of real-life cases that reflected their assessment perspectives. The results indicated that too often workers’ assessments demonstrate an over-reliance on an authoritarian, deficit-based approach that does not sufficiently include family or child perspectives. Such an approach may suggest the lingering influence of philosophies that informed family policy during the Soviet occupation. Workers with advanced training in social work and strength-based practices were more likely to focus on family strengths, build collaborative relationships with parents and children, and report successful outcomes in their cases. This study underscores the potential influence of previous Soviet occupation on child welfare practices in Estonia and also the need for further training of the nation’s child protective workers.     

Perspectives of Youth in Care in Serbia

In the context of evaluating child protection reform in Serbia, we explored the concept of positive youth development as well as how they experienced and understood the experience of placement. We sought to understand how youth perceive their strengths, the role of the care system, their views on how life experiences affect their strengths and how they see their future. Our position is that the way in which children see their situation is equally valuable as any other point of view, and that their doubts, questions and views should be learned in the research process. We used the methodology of semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with 16 young people in care aged 13–18 years. Results indicate their limited involvement in the process of making decisions related to their life and future. There is a strong need for meaningful involvement of children and young people in order to ensure their positive development.     

在有形与无形之间——浦东外企青年群体的特点及其工作思路探讨

随着市场经济的发展,新经济组织已成为经济发展中的一个亮点.外企是新经济组织中的一个组成部分.通过团的工作社会化来带动外企业青年工作是一个新的工作思路.本文就此进行了一些理论的探讨,提出了以社团等有形阵地和网络等无形阵地为基点,建立一个全方位、多层次的外企青年服务体系.     

The Significance of Networks in the Initiation of Small Businesses in Taiwan

This paper investigates theoretically a factor that impacts the institutional and structural environment of initiating small investments in Taiwan, namely personal relationship networks. A potential investor needs market opportunities in order to earn profit, business organization to exploit the opportunity, and capital to initiate the business. In Taiwan's network economy, the solidarity provided by family networks makes small initial business organizations possible. Subcontracting systems, both horizontal and vertical, make the entry-level investment low, and the decentralized production/marketing processes provide numerous market opportunities for small investments. Taiwanese entrepreneurs opt to start their business ventures primarily through the use of network financing, since bank loans fall under the dominion of government policies.     

Child-centered approach in the context of the assessment of children in need: Reflections of child protection workers in Estonia

Objective

This article describes empirical results on how practitioners understand the concept of child-centered approach and how it is applied in practice, extending knowledge of the unresearched phenomena in Estonian child protection practice.

Method

A small-scale study included twenty child protection workers from different regions in Estonia, exploring the child-centered approach in assessment practices through in-depth semi-structured interviews.

Results

Results indicate that child-centered approach in the child protection workers' practice is characterized, firstly, by doing work for the child, and less by working with the child, including the fact that some practitioners are somewhat unclear about the meaning of child-centered principle. Majority of the participants underscored the importance of child involvement and partnership in the decision-making process, nevertheless, their case reflections showed that most of them did not include the child in the assessment.

Conclusions and implication for practice

Findings highlight several challenges in Estonian child protection system and suggest a need to find ways to support child protection workers' competence and confidence to conduct comprehensive assessments based on the child-centered approach, including the child in the assessment process.     

Children in Need in the South of Italy: Features and Distortions in the Deinstitutionalisation of Care

Despite the shift in emphasis from institutional to foster family care, in the south of Italy children in need are mainly looked after by residential services. These are required to provide family‐style care and to place children on a short‐term basis. Using data from research on a 100% sample of day units, residential services and children in care in the Calabria region, this article investigates the functioning of the system of care for vulnerable children at the sub‐national level, describes looked‐after children’s characteristics and life conditions and questions the extent to which a real deinstitutionalisation process has occurred in this area. Finally, some deinstitutionalisation recommendations are given.     

Development of professional roles in the practice of public relations in Chile

Using survey responses of 577 public relation practitioners, this article examines role conceptions in Chilean public relations, as well as the effects that different individual and organizational factors have on their professional worldviews. The results show that how Chilean practitioners perceive their roles can be grouped into four different types: the long-term strategic, the short-term technical, the passive-complaisant, and the active-vigilant. In general terms, Chilean public relations practitioners distance themselves from the passive-complaisant role, giving greater importance to the other three. The findings also reveal that gender, education level, job commitment, perceived autonomy, organization type, and geographical location are the factors that better predict Chilean PR professional roles, while hierarchy level and organization's reach do not directly affect their perceptions.     

多元化教学策略在高校健美操课程中的应用分析

健美操是艺术与体育技能结合的经典运动,其特有的艺术性是其它体育项目无法比拟的。介绍了健美操的概况,在个人发展中的重要性,提出了高校健美操课程中融入多元化教学策略的必要性,并通过对多元化教学策略与高校健美操课程开设的关系进行分析,提出了多元化教学策略在高校健美操课程中的应用思路。