人口与生育政策变动对代际关系的影响

人口与生育政策直接影响着人们的生育需求和生育观念 ,不同的政策有不同的生育动机 ,所追求的孩子数量、质量也不一样 ,从而导致父母与子女之间的代际关系各异。本文以 1 973年为界论述了我国 1 973年前后的人口与生育政策变化及生育观念的转变对代际关系的影响     

中国家庭代际功能关系及其新变动

家庭代际功能关系是由义务和责任履行、权利享有、需求交换和情感沟通所组成的体系.社会转型之下,亲代对子代的教育义务增大,子代赡养亲代义务减轻;高龄和生活不能自理父母对子女尚有照料依赖.随着独生子女一代的长大,女儿在代际功能关系中的作用提高,甚至具有不可替代性;人口预期寿命提高,直系成员存世代数增加,4代存世家庭大幅度上升,可能加大子代的照料负担.整体看子代“回馈”亲代的功能下降,直接影响育龄夫妇的生育行为.子代代际功能关系履行降低有社会福利制度的替代、客观条件制约的作用,也有主观意识弱化的因素,还有约束性制度环境欠缺的问题.政府和社会组织应推动适应现代社会要求的新的代际功能关系的建立.     

中国家庭代际关系与老年男子生活幸福度

本文研究了我国家庭代际关系对老年男子（55岁及以上）生活幸福度的影响。根据代际连带理论,代际关系取决于不同的方面：居住安排,代际支持交换,代际情感以及代际准则。利用2006年中国综合社会调查数据,发现代际关系对老年男子生活幸福度有显著的影响。西方国家的相关研究曾指出老年父母在代际关系中充当给予者时,其生活幸福度会提高;然而本文的研究发现我国的情况恰好相反,父母得到子女支持越多时其幸福感越高。同时,代际情感也会显著地提高老年父母的主观幸福感。     

中国家庭代际关系对代际支持的影响机制——基于老年父母视角的考察

本文运用2012年中国老年社会追踪调查数据,尝试从代际关系的视角分析其对代际支持的影响机制。本文将代际关系操作化为情感性关系、联系性关系、一致性关系、规范性关系和结构性关系5个维度,探讨老年父母视角下的代际关系是如何影响双方的相互支持行为的。研究发现:代际关系对代际支持给予行为和代际支持获得行为有直接的积极影响;代际支持给予和代际支持获得二者之间也产生相互作用,在代际关系的影响下分别产生积极的中介效应;代际关系中规范性关系的贡献力最大,其他4个维度的贡献力较为均衡且只有规范性关系的1/4左右;代际支持行为中经济支持和劳务支持二者的贡献力同等重要。     

阻断贫困代际传递的调查与思考——构建农民新生人口保障体系

中国的贫困主要发生在农村,阻断贫困代际传递才能从根本上消除中国的贫困。构建农民新生人口保障体系是阻断贫困代际传递的治本之策。运用调查研究和文献研究等方法指出了构建农民新生人口保障体系对阻断贫困代际传递的意义。进行了必要的相关学术回顾,指出农村贫困发生的原因是城乡差别,并提出了阻断贫困代际传递的一系列有效措施:形成阻断贫困代际传递、构建农民新生人口保障体系的共识;推动建立阻断贫困代际传递,促进农民二孩生育的体制机制;补齐短板,使农民新生人口与全国新生人口处于同一起跑线;逆势而为,实现底线公平;保障农民家庭按政策生得出、生得好、育得棒。     

家庭代际支持对中国高龄老人死亡率的影响研究

利用中国高龄老人健康长寿跟踪调查数据 ,分析代际支持对高龄老人死亡率的影响及其机制 ,力求为中国养老机制的建立及培育提供决策的参考。分析结果表明 ,来自子女的生活照料和感情支持对高龄老人的存活具有显著的积极影响 ,而经济支持却在统计上对老年人的存活不具有显著影响。同时 ,有家庭支持的老人的存活状态要明显好于无家庭支持的老人 ,但家庭支持与居住安排及老人健康状况间的交互效应表明 ,应该对这种影响得以产生的条件予以充分的认识和重视     

城市家庭养老代际互助关系分析

以往的家庭养老研究中,主要是从支持的角度将子女视为养老的主要承担者,缺少互动的视角。从积极养老角度讲,家庭养老中,子代与父母代存在互动关系;养老的质量与代际互动关系具有相关性;其中,与子代的社会地位无关,但经济支持的满意度受到子女数量与居住距离的影响,日常照顾的满意度受到子女数量的影响,情感支持满意度受到交流频率的影响,此外家庭养老还受到老年人的养老期望、传统孝文化以及社会保障的影响。     

代际投入与农村老年人代际经济支持:代际合作与家庭效用

基于一项具有全国代表性的抽样调查数据,文章通过Logistic多元估计模型与倾向值匹配等量化方法,以代际投入对农村老年人代际经济支持的影响分析为切入点,回应了代际合作与家庭效用关系的经典命题.结果表明:父代经济收入与子代数量,影响着子代投入与农村老年人代际经济支持之间的关系.在三代的代际交换中,给予孙代的投入对农村老年人代际经济支持产生显著性影响,并且存在着稳健性的正向效应.在三代的代际合作中,给予孙代的投入对家庭效用产生了正向显著性影响.文章指出了代际合作与农村老年人家庭效用之间的正向关系,生育偏好成为影响农村老年人家庭效用的重要参数,并说明了代际交换的不平衡以及子代家庭效用增长等问题.     

家庭结构对老年人代际支持的影响研究

本文利用中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查（CLHLS）项目2008年的数据,分析了家庭结构的变迁（表现为居住安排与子女数量两方面）对老年人所获得的来自子女的代际支持的影响。研究结论显示,是否与子女同住会影响老年人获得的经济支持、情感支持与照料支持,而子女数量对代际支持的获得有正向作用。     

劳动力外流下农村家庭代际支持性别分工研究

利用西安交通大学人口与发展研究所2001年、2003年和2006年"安徽省老年人生活福利状况跟踪调查数据",采用随机效应的Logistic模型,从老年父母和成年子女两个角度研究农村老年人家庭代际支持性别分工机制的变化。结果发现,农村老年人家庭代际交换仍然符合合作群体模式,由于不同性别在家庭中的角色和性别分工不同,老年父亲从子女外出中直接获益更多,老年母亲更多地是获得补偿性支持;儿子仍然在家庭养老中承担主要责任,女儿得到老年父母帮助时提供的补偿性支持更多,劳动力外流促使儿子和女儿对老年父母代际支持的性别差异缩小,女儿在家庭养老中的地位和作用显著提高。     

Intergenerational education mobility of black and white South Africans

Using the October Household Surveys, we found that the intergenerational education mobility of whites is higher than that of blacks. Among blacks, females have a higher intergenerational education mobility than males, while the poorest have the lowest intergenerational education mobility. The lower education mobility of blacks than that of whites indicate that factors such as access to the credit market, as well as the availability and quality of schools, are important determinants of educational attainment. Interestingly, the cross section estimates of black intergenerational education mobility do not differ from those obtained by using pseudopanel data, which control for unobserved community effects. The views expressed here are those of the author and should not be associated with the African Development Bank, their members, or the countries they represent.     

Genetic ability and intergenerational earnings mobility

This paper examines the role of genetic ability in generating the strong positive intergenerational earnings correlation observed in the USA. We compare the intergenerational wage and earnings elasticities of adopted children with these of non-adopted children. Because adopted children’s genetic ability does not depend on that of their adoptive parents, the differences between these two samples reveal the importance of genetic ability in transmitting earnings ability across generations. We find that the earnings correlation between fathers and children would be halved if their biological link was removed. Our results suggest that inheritable ability plays a very important role in passing parents’ earnings ability on to their children.      

Extracting the causal component from the intergenerational correlation in unemployment

This paper examines the intergenerational correlation in unemployment in Norway and discusses and estimates two approaches for extracting the causal component: sibling differences and the use of parental unemployment occurring after the child’s outcome as control for the unobserved family heterogeneity. Confirming existing evidence, I find a substantial intergenerational correlation in unemployment. Almost half of this is due to observed family heterogeneity. The causal effect is found to be statistically insignificant by both identification strategies, but while the estimated effect is negative on the sample made for the sibling-difference approach, this finding is not replicated on a less selective sample.

Pathways of change in social mobility: Industrialization,education and growing fluidity in Brazil

This paper explores the change in intergenerational class mobility over the last quarter-century in Brazil. Using repeated cross-sectional surveys between the early 1970s and the late 1990s and a counterfactual approach, we disentangle cohort from period interpretations of change, and examine the mechanisms driving change in fluidity among Brazilian men. We detect a substantial increase in social fluidity over time, which emerges from period transformation, rather than cohort replacement. This trend departs from industrialized nations, where growing fluidity has been found to be entirely driven by the replacement of older, more rigid cohorts by younger, more fluid ones, and to emerge from educational equalization and a “compositional effect”—educational expansion combined with a weaker intergenerational association among those with higher education. In contrast, in a context of rapid late industrialization, two mechanisms account for growing fluidity in Brazil: the decline in the “economic returns to schooling”, and the weakening of the direct influence of class origins on class destination, net of education. We discuss the implications of these patterns for the understanding of mobility dynamics in different national contexts.     

中国城市贫困对儿童教育的影响

伴随着我国的社会转型,城市贫困现象日益引起人们的关注。本文以2003年“城市贫困课题组”在抚顺、合肥、重庆开展的城市贫困与儿童救助的社会调查数据为基础,分析和概括了贫困儿童的教育基本状况,使用序次Logistic回归分析考察了贫困儿童年龄、性别,母亲的受教育水平等特征对贫困儿童学习状况的影响及作用方向,深入探讨了城市贫困对儿童教育的影响及城市贫困与儿童发展之间的关系,并尝试针对构建儿童教育的社会支持系统提出相对应的政策和建议。     

Asymmetries in the opportunity structure. Intergenerational mobility trends in Europe

It remains unclear whether social mobility is increasing in the advanced nations. The answer may depend on mobility patterns within very recent birth cohorts. We use the inter-generational module in the 2005 EU-SILC which allows us to include more recent cohorts. Comparing across two Nordic and three Continental European countries, we estimate inter-generational mobility trends for sons both indirectly, via social origin effects on educational attainment, and directly in terms of adult income attainment. In line with other studies we find substantially more mobility in Scandinavia, but also that traditionally less mobile societies, like Spain, are moving towards greater equality. We focus particularly on non-linear relations. Most interestingly, we reveal evident asymmetries in the process of equalizing life chances, in Denmark. The disadvantages associated with low social class origins have largely disappeared, but the advantages related to privileged origins persist.     

Differential fertility and intergenerational mobility under private versus public education

We study differential fertility and intergenerational mobility in an overlapping-generations framework with skilled and unskilled individuals. Assuming unskilled parents are less productive in educating children, we show that they choose higher fertility but less investment for child education than skilled parents. Public education reduces the fertility gap but may increase intergenerational mobility under certain conditions. We also find very different responses of fertility differential and intergenerational mobility to a variation in a preference or technology parameter. As the ratio of skilled to working population rises towards its steady state, average income rises, average fertility falls, but income inequality first rises and then falls.     

Incidence, Depth and Severity of Children in Poverty

Recently, the first ever estimate of the number of children living poverty in developing countries was undertaken. The incidence of child poverty was estimated by establishing how many children suffer severe deprivation in at least one out of seven indicators which are internationally recognized as their rights as well as constitutive of poverty. This is a major step forward in the analysis of poverty. In this paper, we generalize these findings on the incidence of children living in poverty by exploring how to estimate the depth and severity of child poverty. Two countries can have the same proportion of children living in poverty, however, the actual plight of children could be very different depending on how many deprivations, on average, children suffer. In addition, even if they suffer from the same average number of deprivations, these deprivation could be the same for all children or be very unevenly distributed. We show how these considerations can be used to estimate the depth and severity of poverty. We use regional data to provide applied examples of this methodology. The method proposed in this paper is similar to the one used to estimate the incidence, depth and severity of income poverty. The paper also offers some possible generalizations and ways forward for future research.     

子代数量对农村老年人代际经济支持的影响--以亲子两代分居家庭为研究对象

子代数量与家庭支持力的关系是家庭研究中的重要问题。论文运用“中国健康与养老追踪调查”（ CHARLS）2011年全国基线调查数据,以亲子两代分居家庭为研究对象,通过非条件Logistic模型,分析了分居家庭子代数量对农村老年人代际经济支持的影响。结果表明：在控制其他变量的前提下,分居家庭中子代数量与农村老年人代际经济支持之间存在显著性相关。随着分居家庭中子代数量增加,农村老年人获得代际经济支持的递增概率存在着拐点。当分居家庭中子代数量上升至5个时,获得代际经济支持的概率最大。随着子代数量的增加,农村老年人获得代际经济支持的概率并非完全呈现正向递增的状态。