现代汉语逻辑矛盾型复合词初探

在现代汉语中,两个或几个语素在组合成复合词时,这两个或几个语素的语素义之间存在逻辑矛盾,我们称这类复合词为逻辑矛盾型复合词。本文借鉴语境义变说、语义干涉说和义素置换造词说对这类复合词进行解释,并总结了这类复合词的特点。     

矛盾修饰法

〈一〉矛盾修饰法是包含两个在语义上相互排斥或相互矛盾的词语的修辞方法（Ｏｘｙｍｏｒｏｎｉｓａｆｉｇｕｒｅｏｆｓｐｅｅｃｈｉｎｖｏｌｖｉｎｇｔｗｏｓｅｍａｎｔｉｃａｌｙｅｘｃｌｕｓｉｖｅｏｒｃｏｎ－ｔｒａｄｉｃｔｏｒｙｔｅｒｍｓ）．它的作用是揭示一件事...     

汉语隐喻式定中结构的隐喻映射及功能

传统观点将隐喻看作一种修辞方法,当代认知观将隐喻看作是"概念系统中的跨领域映射".隐喻映射包括映射层次和映射方式两方面,汉语隐喻式定中结构中来源域到目标域的映射层次分为单层和多层(两个或两个以上层次)两种,映射方式有一对多和多对一两种,一对多映射体现了语义泛化的过程.语义泛化是构成新词的重要手段,体现了语言的经济原则.定中结构中隐喻的功能主要是认知和修辞两个方面.认知功能主要表现在它是表达新概念和复杂概念的手段.修辞功能体现在通过超常的搭配,以新奇的语言表达方式达到某种修辞效果.二者相比认知是第一位的,修辞是第二位的.     

法律修辞与逻辑

论者通常把修辞与逻辑对立起来,很少论及二者如何统一于论证过程,而在法律领域尤其需要这种统一.法律的学科特点在于其推理前提的开放性和结论的封闭性,因而在法律推理过程中,需要通过修辞将开放的前提集合论证为可接受的封闭性前提集合,也需要通过逻辑根据封闭的前提得出必然的结论.文章通过对法律推理过程及其特点的分析,论证了法律修辞与逻辑的统一性,即逻辑是修辞,是最具说服力的一种修辞;修辞也是逻辑,是在无法直接进行演绎推理时所备选的逻辑.其目的都在于提高法律推理结论的可接受性.     

中国语境中的文艺美学

本文认为 ,文艺美学在中国包含三个方面 ,是一种理论话语 ,一种学术建构 ,一种文化现象 ,话语形式受到学科逻辑和文化逻辑相互纠缠的结果 ,二者的矛盾造成文艺美学从产生到现在的话语现象。从而可以理解文艺美学虽然在逻辑上矛盾重重而在学术上仍然十分活跃。     

试论现代汉语复合比喻的范围

现代汉语修辞运用中大量存在着复合比喻现象,一本体多喻体、多本体一喻体、多本体多喻体。笔者用逻辑的手段研究分析这种较为复杂的修辞现象,阐述确定其范围的基本原则,进而揭示复合比喻的结构种类、特点和形式,并力争在语法、修辞、逻辑三者综合运用方面做出较完整系统的解释,最终建立复合比喻的逻辑语言体系的雏形。     

异质组合与语言张力

语言的异质组合已成为修辞的基本特征,究其原因是异质组合能够赋予语言以张力,使相互矛盾、相互排斥的语言因素和平共处,其组合的入侵力强烈冲击听读者的生理知觉,形成强大的张力效应,为不可言之事、之理、之情提供了可言的有效途径。     

亚细亚主义的逻辑和伦理--关于近代日本文化的一些思考

近代日本在西力东渐下产生的各种亚细亚主义思潮,看似纷繁复杂、相互矛盾,但其中自有其一贯逻辑,内含相互贯通、相互转化的可能性;作为近代日本文化的组成部分,又蕴涵了日本文化的诸多原点,得到传统伦理的支撑.     

辩证法与形式逻辑中的矛盾

矛盾范畴仍然在辩证唯物主义者中间引起极大的争论。这种争论的一个特殊方面是辩证矛盾与形式逻辑矛盾的关系。某些马克思主义者认为,客观的辩证矛盾在我们关于世界的思维中反映为逻辑矛盾;这些逻辑矛盾被认为是客观实在的充分反映,或者被视为仅受到人脑的潜力限制的反映形式。还有一些马克思主义者认为,逻辑矛盾永远不能充分地反映客观的辩证矛盾。这两种观点是最为常见的对立的观点,在文献中还可以发现其他一些观点。本文将讨论辩证矛盾的某些一般特征:矛盾的客观形式与主观形式,它同形式逻辑矛盾的关系。我将对这样一种观点进行论证:如果确实发生了逻辑矛盾,这些矛盾是逻辑错误的     

语言中两大基本语义语法范畴:“动态”与“静态”——从“了”谈起

"动态"与"静态"是所有人类语言中都具有的两大语义语法范畴,它是外部世界运动与静止的对立统一关系在人类语言中投射的结果;动态范畴是绝对的,静态范畴是相对的,静态范畴是动态范畴的一种特殊存在形式,两者之间既相互对立又可以相互渗透、相互转化;动态范畴不等同于体范畴,应对"动态范畴"作广义理解;现代汉语中的"了"是一个典型的动态标记;从"动态"与"静态"的角度出发可以对汉语中一些非连续性语义成分间的相互限制选择关系作出通俗、简明的解释.     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).