中国家庭结构历史分析

一概述家庭是社会的基本组织形式。谓之社会的细胞。它是以婚姻、血缘与收养关系为纽带,受一定的心理因素、道德观念与社会意识、经济联系等社会关系支配而形成的人口组合。家庭结构即为家庭人口组合中各成员之间的相互关系,或称之家庭中人与人的关系模式。其总体模式为家庭结构类型;与数量相联的是家庭规模大小;而中心问题是家庭中人际关系。     

人口年龄结构对家庭变化的影响

人口年龄结构是人口学的基本问题之一。它不仅对人口的出生、死亡、迁移、文化教育、婚姻、劳动就业发生重大影响,而且对家庭变化也产生着不容忽视的作用和影响。从横向看,人口年龄构成总体与家庭规模、家庭结构之间,有一种规律性的内在联系;从纵向     

人口流动对家庭结构影响的统计研究

人口流动使完整家庭分离为结构不完整的流动家庭和留守家庭,导致家庭结构的变化,其程度需要定量分析。本文以中国家庭金融调查数据为依据分析了人口流动对家庭结构的影响。结果显示,在我国家庭结构类型中核心家庭仍然占主体地位,近半数家庭是核心家庭;三代直系家庭和一对夫妇家庭所占比重比较接近,各占约五分之一;单人户和隔代家庭比重有所上升。人口流出即家庭成员的外出使得家庭结构类型向更小更简单的家庭结构类型转变。     

北京市不同婚姻状况人口在家庭户中角色的分析

一、引言婚姻与家庭紧密相连，但是由于实际数据的缺乏和分析技术的不足，这种关联研究通常只限于理论上的分析，特别是不同婚姻状况人口在家庭中的角色和地位，以及他们与不同家庭户类型之间的关联很少得到定量化的揭示。人口普查或人口抽样调查提供了大规模的个人和家庭...     

老龄人口生活指数及其与家庭结构关系的研究

家庭是社会的细胞,是人们日常生活的基本单位。是老龄人口养老的基本场所。而家庭的存在表现为有多种结构类型,且老龄人口对养老生活的需求又是多方面的。因此,通过对家庭结构与老龄人口生活指数的探讨,认识家庭结构类型的特征,当代老龄人口对生活指数的需求以及两者间的内在联     

我国现代化过程中农村家庭规模与类型结构——山东省胶县508户农民家庭调查

家庭规模、类型结构与人口再生产存在着相互制约的关系。家庭规模与类型结构是人口再生产的起点,又是人口再生产的结果。研究农村人口问题必然涉及到农村家庭规模与类型结构。 当前农村家庭规模与类型结构现状如何,是否出现了小型化、核心化的趋势,农村理想家庭规模与类型结构是什么,等等。为了回答这些问题,我们于1986年5月,组     

湖北麻城市打造计生家庭优先发展新平台

最近,湖北省麻城市人口计生局、民政局、扶贫开发办和教育局四部门携手,共同推出了一项旨在重点帮助扶持一千个计划生育家庭优先发展的行动促进计划。该计划将一千个家庭分为五个类型,进行有针对性的帮扶。一是计生困难家庭,由市民政局牵头负责,通过优先低保、特困救济、灾害救助等途径,使这些计生家庭摆脱困境;二是计生女孩家庭,由市人口计生局牵头负责,全面落实各级"关爱女孩"的各项奖励优待政策,促进     

人口转变与老年贫困问题的理论思考

文章将人口转变与老年贫困之间的关系置于社会经济转型的大环境中,从理论的角度探讨了社会和家庭层次的人口转变与65岁及以上老年群体经济贫困和社会贫困之间的关系。人口转变与老年贫困之间呈复杂的动态关系,因人口转变的不同维度、贫困的不同类型、不同老年人群而异。文章指出,人口转变不一定带来老年贫困,但要防微杜渐,未雨绸缪。     

中国人口转变地区差异的聚类分析

运用聚类分析方法 ,从总和生育率、平均预期寿命和自然增长率三方面综合了我国 1990年各地区的人口状况 ,将各地区按人口转变完成程度的异同进行了归类 ,并与按生育率转变完成程度的地区划分进行对比。结果显示 ,两种地区类型划分有较大的一致性     

世界平均家庭规模趋于缩小

据联合国《家庭》丛书1987年第4期介绍,由于家庭人员减少,世界各地区家庭规模呈现缩小的趋势。在一些工业化国家中,家庭主要是由父母和一、二个小孩组成。在法国和联邦德国,人口专家所作的研究表明,由于出生率下降,几十年后他们各自国家的人口将少于现有人口。1984年联邦德国创下了世界人口出生率的最低记录。据政府对影响出生率因素作的专门调查,出生率过低与     

On the distribution of completed parities when fertility is heritable

Over the last one hundred years, there has been, in many developed countries, a demographic convergence towards the two child family. The possible implications for population growth of such a tendency are considered in this paper in terms of both family limitation and also the intergenerational transmission of fertility. These two effects interact so that as the proportion of two‐child families increases, the possible influence of mother‐daughter fertility associations on population growth decreases, though even now it could override otherwise significant changes in either or both of the birth and death intensities. In particular, it is shown that according as to how fertility is transmitted through generations, it is still possible to have zero growth rates consistently with a widely dispersed stable distribution of family size as well as a typical mortality regime.     

Estimating the Expectation of Life at Old Ages: Comments on the Article by Mitra

Family reconstitution studies assess demographic behaviour for that section of the population that remains in the parish of their birth. Although there has been considerable discussion of whether or not these non-migrants are representative of the population as a whole, the distorting effects of migration censoring have not been adequately considered. This paper shows that even when the demographic behaviour of non-migrants is identical to that of the general population, migration-censoring will significantly bias family reconstitution results. In particular, existing family reconstitution studies underestimate both age at marriage and life expectancy. The paper assesses the potential magnitude of bias introduced by migration, and suggests several new techniques for correcting the errors.     

Bridging the gap in population information

In terms of the current status of population/family planning information programs, many developments have occurred at both the regional and international level. 1 of these is the Latin American Documentation Service, a regional network for associates, many with computer facilities. In the Asian region ESCAP and the World Health Organization have considerable experience in developing networks among similar lines, and in Africa a proposal to start a similar information network is being considered. Population information "on line" is available from POPINFORM, MEDLINE, and DOCPAL. Although there is a technical gap in the state of the art between developed and developing countries in this area, it could easily be overcome if computerization were regarded simply as a tool and not as an end in itself. What is needed is improved access to computerized systems in the developing world as well as a need for better communication between information centers.     

城乡老年人生活质量与人口社会学特征关联初探

人口老龄化使我国老年人口数量迅速增长,呈现出老龄化+少子化的人口结构新常态。江苏省老龄化比例为20.57%,居全国各省区之首,老龄化区域和城乡差异也更加显著。兴化地区地处苏北农村,呈现小城市大农村结构,经济欠发达,城乡人群的生活水平差距较大。本研究目标人群为兴化城乡老年人群,通过调查城乡老年人群人口社会学和生活质量的变化特征和相关性,为政府和社会对老龄化事业的发展与决策提供依据。总计305例60岁以上的老年人群参与调查。结果显示,城市老年人群已婚、与子女住、文化程度、退休和自觉家庭经济情况良好等人口社会学特征维度好于农村人群（P≤0.01）;而农村丧偶、独居、没有工作和自觉家庭经济情况差等维度高于城市人群（P≤0.01）;男性老年人群文化程度显著高于女性（P<0.01）;冠心病患病构成比上,农村老年人群显著高于城市老年人群（P<0.01）,男性老年人群高于女性（P<0.05）;而女性老年人群患高脂血症构成比显著高于男性（P<0.01）。结果提示,兴化地区城乡老年人群生活质量差异显著,但城乡老年人群在躯体健康和疾病防治中的差异已经明显缩小,说明老年人生活质量的变化与人口社会学特征相关联。在经济持续发展和人口结构老龄化的新常态下,社会和家庭应更多地关注和改善老年人群,尤其是农村老年人群的生存环境,提高他们的生活质量。     

老年人口居住安排与居住意愿研究

文章基于2011年中国社会状况调查数据,分析城乡老年人口居住安排现状及居住意愿。研究结果表明,老年人口家庭规模日益缩小,老年空巢家庭数量不仅在城市大幅提高,农村的独居老人家庭比例也在持续上升。在老年人理想居住方式方面,能否自理对老年人的养老意愿产生很大影响。在生活可以自理时,老年人以居家养老为主,希望独居的比例较高;在生活不能自理时,城市老人希望到机构养老和与子女同住的比例提高。此外,婚姻状况、教育程度、居住地类型、生活费来源等对养老的居住安排有显著影响。     

Population and social structure in a Bedfordshire parish: The Cardington listing of inhabitants, 1782

Abstract This paper describes some of the main social and demographic characteristics of a Bedfordshire parish in the second half of the eighteenth century. It is based on an analysis of the 'Listing of Inhabitants' of Cardington in 1782, and on the use of the parish registers. The listing does not allow an analysis of the entire population of the parish. Its most serious deficiency is the failure to give sufficient detail for the upper social strata of the parish population, viz. the residents of 'farm tenements' and a small number of other properties likewise poorly documented. In the main, the data given in the article refer only to the residents of 'cottage tenements'. They represent the majority of the parish population, but omit the small group at the top of village society. For the 'cottage tenement' population a number of conclusions are drawn. Within this population there was an overall excess of females over males, but the excess was slight, and the number and proportion of males and females in each age-group balanced quite closely. 43-44% of the population of known age were less than 15 years old, and almost half the population were aged between 16 and 60 years. An analysis of marital status tentatively suggests that adult celibacy was rare. The average number of residents per 'cottage' household was only a little higher than the average size of family, confirming that only a small proportion of households contained more than one family. Household and family size may have been larger among craftsmen than labourers, with the households and families of the former containing more resident offspring than those of the latter. About one in every three marriages was either a broken marriage or are-marriage. A reconstitution of certain 'cottage tenement' families tentatively suggests an average of over five baptisms per family. Yet there were only two resident offspring per family in 1782. The difference may be explained by the high level of infant and child mortality, with one-third of all baptised children failing to reach the age of 15 years, and by the high degree of population mobility, albeit over short distances.     

人口老龄化与社会可持续发展

尽管人口老龄化给社会经济的持续发展带来了劳动年龄人口比重下降 ,劳动力资源减少 ,劳动年龄人口老化 ;老年人赡养系数增加 ,总供养系数上升 ,国家用于老年人的支出增多 ;有储蓄能力的人口及储蓄额减少 ;家庭赡养照料老人的资源减少 ,功能弱化等诸多不利影响 ,但是二者之间并不存在截然对立的矛盾 ,只要深化老年科学研究 ,增强全社会的老龄化意识 ,及时采取科学的对策与措施 ,充分利用老龄化的有利因素 ,老龄化与社会经济是完全可以协调发展的     

农村社会保障制度框架构建研究

在我国农村人口结构发生重大变化、农村人口比重下降、人口老龄化严重、农村家庭规模日趋小型化的情况下,农民明显存在养老、疾病和贫困风险。按全面建设小康社会、实现城乡和经济社会协调可持续发展的要求,必须加快构建农村社会保障体系,制订近期和中长期目标,明确以社会保险作为保障制度的主要模式,建立包括农村养老保险、医疗保障和最低生活保障制度为基本内容的制度框架。     

On the distribution of completed parities when fertility is heritable

"Over the last one hundred years, there has been, in many developed countries, a demographic convergence towards the two child family. The possible implications for population growth of such a tendency are considered in this paper in terms of both family limitation and also the intergenerational transmission of fertility. These two effects interact so that as the proportion of two-child families increases, the possible influence of mother-daughter fertility associations on population growth decreases, though even now it could override otherwise significant changes in either or both of the birth and death intensities. In particular, it is shown that according...to how fertility is transmitted through generations, it is still possible to have zero growth rates consistently with a widely dispersed stable distribution of family size as well as a typical mortality regime." (SUMMARY IN FRE)     

Urbanization,non-familial work,education, and fertility in Taiwan

It is well known, that there is a relationship between the level of development of a society and its level offertility.¹ However, it is not clear which of the complex ofvariables associated with development are primarily associated with the reduction of fertility. Urbanization, female labour force participation and education are three of the variables most commonly cited as bearing a causal relationship to fertility. Urbanization implies a change of environment of a substantial portion of the population which may result in a change in the value placed on large families. This is particularly true when urban mortality is lower than rural, so that more children survive.² However, it has also been argued that urbanization results in a change in family structure from the extended to the nuclear family with a concomitant reduction in the value placed on having many children.³ Additional changes in family patterns which are sometimes said to explain fertility reduction due to urbanization are increases in the proportion of women never marrying and increases in the age at marriage.