中国城市社区建设的几点思考

城市社区建设主要包括 :城市社区自治组织建设 ,社区组织职能的科学界定 ,社区组织建设和职能履行的资金保障。我国城市化社区建设必须解决的问题是 :正确处理城市社区与政府的关系、社区与市场 (企业 )的关系 ,建立健全自治的社区组织并明确其功能 ,获取充足的建设资金。我们应该借鉴外国及澳门地区经验 ,结合中国国情 ,走一条具有中国特色的城市社区建设道路。     

安徽铜陵 探索城市社区居民自治的有效路径

<正>城市社区居民自治建设是健全基层群众自治机制的重要内容,是保障城市社区居民参与社区治理,确保社区居民各项民主权利的重大基础性工程。如何按照中央要求,推进城市社区居民自治建设,已成为一项亟待研究的重要课题。城市社区居民自治建设是健全基层群众自治机制的重要内容,是保障城市社区居民参与社区治理,确保社区居民各项民主权利的重大基础性工程。党的十八大报告指出:"健全基层党组织     

对城市社区居民自治参与不足之分析

在社会民主化和城市现代化的推进下,社区居民自治参与逐渐成为当今中国城市社区建设的新主题、新动力,社区居民本应在社区自治中发挥其不可或缺且不可替代的作用。但通过在h市、w市、j市、s市四个地方的调研,笔者却发现作为社区主体的社区居民在城市社区自治参与中是“缺位”的,城市居民自治参与不足已经成为社区建设发展的瓶颈。本文对自治参与不足现状进行剖析,力图从现有体制、观念与行为模式以及社区居民现代生活特征层面中寻找出其内在的原因,并尝试在参与体制创新、参与意识塑造与行为模式变革三方面提出务实的对策。     

中国城市社区的公民社会建设:一条新路径的考察

在中国城市社区,虽然公民社会的建设主要是从居委会这样的自治组织着手进行的,但可以从理论上与实践中看到公民社会建设的另一条途径,其起点就是社区内更"草根"化的结社组织。从公民社会建设的角度看,社区内的草根结社组织与社区自治组织有着大不相同的结果。自治组织更容易突出国家与社会消长性的权力关系,而从结社组织出发,可以引导出建设性的国家—社会关系;建立自治组织所需的社会基础条件比较苛刻,而从结社组织入手,能够培育人们的参与意识与治理能力、提高社区内的社会资本含量。     

直接选举 在现代型社区建设中的作用

目前,中国城市社区建设已进入了一个新的阶段,现代化新型社区初具雏形。随着社区建设的不断推进,社区发展中的一些矛盾和问题也就逐渐显露。集中在,社区自治的主体是社区全体居民,社区居民有权力和义务选举社区居委会。然而,长期以来,我们对社区居委会干部一直坚持先聘后选或外聘民选,在这一体制框架下,社区成员参与自治的渠道是封闭的,而外聘的社区干部又不是真正意义上的自治组织成员。2005年3月1日至4月30日,江西省九江市浔阳区白水湖街道余家垅社区率先在全省进     

大社区管理:城市社区管理模式之重构

当前中国城市社区建设处于"社区制"阶段,社会结构转型中政府与社会成为社区发展的内源动力,转变政府职能、发展社区自治日益凸显。完善社区制需要政府与社会的双向启动,从建设理念、运作体制、职责配置等方面共同推进社区管理体制转型,构筑自组织、自协调、自循环的大社区管理模式。     

广东城市社区建设的制度创新

大力推进城市社区建设,是面向新世纪我国城市现代化建设的重大任务,是现阶段我国城市经济社会发展的客观要求。本文对广东城市社区发展的客观要求和实现途径作了比较全面的探讨,对广东在城市社区管理体制、城市社区自治机制、城市社区服务机制、城市社区人事机制、城市社区财力机制五个方面进行制度创新的理论和实践作了研究,并提出了一些具体的建议。     

"绿色崛起"与"都市突破"--中国城市社区自治与农村村民自治比较

随着农村村民自治的率先崛起 ,城市社区自治又迅速突破 ,成为中国政治体制改革与民主化过程中最有活力的基础性部分。城市社区自治与农村村民自治在时间上具有承继性 ,在内容上具有同质性 ,在形式上具有借鉴性 ,在结果上具有互动性。但两者处于不同的背景和生态之下 ,在制度变迁的背景、组织结构及运行机制、发展走向等方面各有自己的特点。从总体上看 ,农村村民自治的内在动力较强 ,外部环境则较紧张 ;城市社区自治的内在动力较弱 ,但外部环境较为宽松。     

城市社区管理与自治组织的发展

近年来 ,中国城市社会发生的最大变化是社区内除了居委会之外 ,出现了业主委员会和各种社区服务中心等自治性居民组织。这类组织的出现从根本上改变中国城市社会的面貌 ,对加速中国城市社会的现代化和民主化进程将起到的巨大的促进作用。我们认为 ,自治与管理是一对相互矛盾的有机体 ,首先 ,目前的社区自治组织还没有达到可以脱离政府的支持而独立存在 ;其次 ,自治组织是为社区居民利益服务的机构 ,它离不开老百姓的积极参与 ,缺乏群众基础的自治组织同样也无法生存 ;再次 ,社区自治组织的设置与其它类型的组织有本质的区别。一方面要从居民利益出发 ,另一方面自治组织和非营利和非政府性也是它有别于其他组织的特点。     

北京市社区建设中的制度创新

城市社区建设的基本目标是民主自治 ,北京市在社区实践中进行了一系列的制度创新 ,具体包括资源获得机制、社区参与机制、社区工作机制、社区意识的整合机制、社区控制与监督机制和社区激励机制等。此外 ,为更好实现民主自治 ,还需要考虑到每个社区的实际情况 ,避免社区建设落入“模式化”的陷阱 ,理顺政府与居委会的关系 ,重视社区领导的素质与社区工作成效的关系等等     

Contraceptive self-efficacy: a primary prevention strategy

This paper discusses the development, implementation, and qualitative evaluation of an intervention designed to improve contraceptive self-efficacy (CSE) in a population at high risk for pregnancy. In a previous study, a relationship was found between CSE and a measure of contraceptive use for sexually active young women attending a family planning clinic. Here, the concept of CSE is further developed to identify contraceptive and sexual issues for adolescent males, for adolescents who show little or no motivation to obtain or use contraceptives, and for those adolescents who would plan to carry a pregnancy to term if they were to become pregnant. Implications are drawn for developing primary prevention programs.     

The 1994 Reform Bill for public pensions in Japan: Its main contents and related discussion

In March 1994 the Japanese government submitted a bill to the National Diet to reform the public pension system. It proposes to increase the normal retirement age for the flat-rate basic benefits for employees from 60 to 65 years of age by stages (between 2001 and 2013 for men), while guaranteeing to pay the earnings-related benefits for them from age 60 without any reduction. It also proposes a much more generous earnings-test and an introduction of old-age employment benefits, both to encourage later retirement. Another main proposal is to switch the benefits indexation from a gross to a net wage basis. This paper gives a detailed explanation of the bill, discussing why such a reform bill is submitted, whether or not it can manage to control the cost of social security in the long term, and whether or not the reform measures can effectively generate jobs for the elderly. Pensions for women, as well as some measures to support both childbirth and childrearing, are also explored.     

人本管理与高校教师的情感、需求和目标

高校师资队伍建设是一个复杂的系统工程,遵循人本原理,学校管理者应采取各种措施,激发教师的主动性、积极性和创造性。包括满足心理需求,强化工作动机;确定发展目标,注重自我激励;践行择人任势,善用绩效强化;坚持以人为本,改变管理方法;进行情感沟通,构建和谐的人际关系,从而促进创新型高校师资队伍建设。     

Distinguishing disability and incapacity

This paper discusses the distinctions between disability and incapacity for work, from both a theoretical and an operational perspective. Disability refers mainly to a functional limitation in ordinary activity; incapacity for work concerns people who are unable to work because of a medical condition. Although the terms overlap, they are conceptually distinct. People can be disabled without being unable to work, and unable to work without being disabled. Clarifying these distinctions is important for policy: social security benefits for disability are liable to be given on different principles from benefits for incapacity. The implications are considered for systems in development.     

Accelerating the translation of research into practice in long term services and supports: a critical need for federal infrastructure at the nexus of aging and disability

The nexus of aging and disability, characterized by the phenomenon of aging with a disability, will become more visible as the population ages and the number of people with disabilities surviving to midlife increases. This article addresses 3 interrelated issues critical to the fields of aging and disability: increasing demand for community-based long-term services and supports, a paucity of evidence-based programs demonstrating effectiveness in facilitating independence for those aging with a disability, and lack of a federal infrastructure to support coordinated investments in research-to-practice for this population. Suggestions for federal interagency collaborations are given, along with roles for key stakeholders.     

“九·一八”后舆论空间与集权政治的关系（1931-1935）—以《独立评论》与《时代公论》为中心

“九·一八”后,为应对国难,舆论界出现了评议时政的热潮。他们以某一刊物为聚集地,形成了宽泛的舆论空间。在众多新创刊物中,以《独立评论》与《时代公论》为典型代表。舆论界尽管有着强烈的民主宪政的呼声,但随着时局的发展,对领袖权威的推崇逐渐达成了共识,赞成建立强力政府,主张实行集权政治。1935年,军事权威蒋介石兼任行政院院长,集权政治形成。然而,舆论空间与集权政治存在着一个二律背反的矛盾。如何保持一个自由的舆论空间,加强舆论对政府监督,是国民政府一直未能解决的难题。     

构建人类命运共同体与国际治理人才培养

当今世界面临百年未有之大变局,逆全球化思潮、保护主义、区域主义和单边主义愈演愈烈,多边机制受到严重冲击,加强全球治理、推进全球治理体系变革势在必行。习近平总书记构建人类命运共同体的重要思想,是我国引领时代潮流和人类文明进步的鲜明旗帜,是对国际社会的重要贡献。推动构建人类命运共同体是一项伟大的系统工程,需要加快国际治理人才的培养。国际治理人才不仅需要较强的语言能力和渊博的专业知识,而且更需要自觉的家国情怀、崇高的理想抱负和真正的全球视野。需要从国家层面制定相应的政策和措施,重视国际治理人才的培养,更要重视国际治理人才的使用。     

Somebody versus nobody: An exploration of the role of celebrity status in an election

This study examines the role celebrity status may play in potential voters’ evaluation of a political candidate presented in a newspaper article. Participants indicated greater intention to vote for a candidate who was a recognizable Hollywood actor than an unknown candidate in a political race, regardless of how substantive the political information provided about the candidate was. This suggests that familiarity with a celebrity can act as a heuristic in peripheral processing. Younger people were more likely to vote for a celebrity candidate than older voters, but how liberal or conservative participants are was not a significant factor in the decision to vote for the celebrity. Nor did participants’ need for cognition or level of political involvement predict intention to vote for the celebrity, suggesting that celebrity status is meaningful to motivated and thoughtful voters as well as those who are less motivated and informed. The possibility is raised that this could be an indication of celebrity status being used as a component of deliberate political decision-making, and future research in this direction is suggested.     

Choosing intercountry adoption: an Australian study of the motivations and attitudes of intending and recent adoptive parents

Humanitarian reasons are often reported as the main motivating force for undertaking intercountry adoption. This article reports on a qualitative interview‐based Australian study in which 32 adoptive parents and prospective adoptive parents talk frankly about their desire to use intercountry adoption as a pathway to parenthood, rather than as an altruistic method of providing a child with a family. The study aimed to investigate motivations of intending and recent adoptive parents for deciding to form a family through intercountry adoption and to contribute to understanding about why intercountry adoption is the preferred option over available alternatives for family formation. The findings from this study raise interesting questions regarding recruitment efforts for children needing families; not only in relation to intercountry adoption, but also in developing recruitment strategies for foster carers for local children needing care.