中国人口压力的定量研究

在对人口压力进行界定、对传统评价人口压力的指标体系进行评述的基础上,把人口与无形资源的状况纳入评价人口压力的指标体系,用人口自然增长率、人口密度、成人识字率、高等教育人口比重及城乡居民的人均消费支出等项指标,构建了衡量人口压力的指标体系,探讨了定量研究人口压力的方法、步骤,并根据2000年人口普查资料,对我国各地区的人口压力进行了赋值与量化。     

基于GIS和SPSS的聊城市人口压力空间格局研究

根据影响聊城市人口压力的内在矛盾和外在因素。确定了聊城市人口压力评价指标体系,采用主成分分析法计算了人口压力指数,再通过聚类分析等方法,定量分析了1998—2007年聊城市人口压力的空间格局。借助Ar-cGIS9．2软件采用格网法对聊城市人口压力空间格局进行制图显示。结果表明。1998—2007年。聊城市人口压力沿东北一西南轴线呈现明显的地域特征,在空间上出现聚集效应,高唐县人1：1压力指数在_0．14-0．22之间,人口压力适中,人口与社会经济、资源环境发展协调;东昌府区、临清市、茌平县和东阿县人口压力指数在0．1．0．99之间。人口压力较小。人口承栽力较强;冠县、阳谷县和莘县人口压力指数在0．79—1．68之间,人口压力较大,人口与社会经济、资源环境等发展不协调。这种空间分布格局与各地区的有形资源和无形资源都有关系。无须资源的影响比重越来越大。     

甘肃省人口压力评估指标及定量评估研究

在对传统人口压力评价指标体系评述的基础上,将无形资源纳入人口压力评价指标体系,根据2006年甘肃省统计资料。对全省81个县级行政区划单位的人口压力进行赋值与量化。结果表明甘肃省人口压力量化值呈正态分布．有形资源与无形资源都丰富的地区人口压力较小,人口压力与社会经济发展水平密切相关。实现甘肃社会经济的可持续发展．必须注重人口压力区域差异的合理调控。     

人口压力与文明演进

人口压力具有双重性,一方面它带来了一系列的社会经济问题,另一方面它又是人类文明的有力促进源之一。这是南京师范大学地理系陆玉麒在来稿中提出的观点。作者从人口压力与农耕文明的产生,人口压力与人口迁移,人口压力与社会经济发展水平等几方面,对人口压力及其后果尤其是正效应进行了考察。作者认为人口压力并不一定与人口     

我国人口压力的地域差异及其特征分析

我国人口压力的地域差异及其特征分析○林成策︵山东教育学院人口教育系济南２４００１３︶人口压力主要是指人口数量对当地环境（包括社会经济环境和生态环境）所产生的负荷。它是人口、生态、经济等因素综合作用的结果。研究人口压力对于协调人口与生态、经济之间的关系...     

发展中国家的人口经济发展

本文论述了战后以来发展中国家的人口增长与经济发展,指出了发展中国家在经济发展过程中的人口压力,并探讨了其人口加速增长的主要原因以及人口增长对经济增长的影响。     

中国城市人口压力系数测度及其影响因素

在评述已有关于人口压力研究的基础上,提出基于适度人口与实际人口比较的城市人口压力系数概念,从技术层面构建基于社会净收益动态最优的短板模型来测度城市适度人口.在此基础上,以2010年和2013年我国286个地级及以上城市为例进行实证测度和分析.研究表明:我国城市人口压力可以分为适度偏低、 相对适度和超越适度三种类型,大约呈现21.18%、66.32%和12.50%的分布,东、 中部和西部存在一定差异;对降低我国城市人口压力存在显著影响的因素包括:城市经济发展能力、 城市基础设施和基本公共服务供给、 城市居民就业和职工工资水平、 大学教育对经济的带动、 城市资源的节约意识等.据此,提出相关对策建议.     

创新体制机制 加强服务管理

无锡是长三角地区重要经济中心城市,也是流动人口的主要流入地之一。2009年,全市实现地区生产总值4992亿元,年末常住人口619.73万人,人均GDP突破1万美元,现有户籍人口467万人,登记暂住人口230多万人。近年来,全市以体制机制创新为突破口,积极探索统筹解决人口问题的新路子,努力变人口压力为人力资源优势,推动城市现代化与可持续发展,被评为全国最受农民工欢迎的城市和最具幸福感的城市。     

论教育、经济与人口问题的关系

长期以来,一谈到控制人口,减小人口压力,人们似乎总认为那仅仅是计划生育部门的任务。其实不然,纵观人口发展历史,人口的增减,发展速度的高低,以及人口问题对社会影响的大小等等,无不与当时的文化教育水平、经济状况有着直接联系。本文     

河南省人口增长对城乡生态环境的影响与对策分析

人口与环境的协调发展是可持续发展的基础。追求人口与经济、社会的发展，要以环境保护、维护生态的平衡为前提。本文论述了河南省跨世纪人口压力对生态环境的影响，提出了协调人口增长与改善城乡生态环境的主要对策。     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Officer friendly and the tough cop:gays and lesbians navigate homophobia and policing

Despite attempts to expand social diversity, policing is still dominated by a white, masculine, heterosexual ethos. As a consequence, employment of lesbians and gay men as police officers may be especially threatening to members of this occupation. Within the context of potential hostility and homophobia, nontraditional officers must negotiate their contradictory presence on the police force. This paper investigates that negotiation. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and open-ended survey data from a sample of "out" and "closeted" gay and lesbian police officers, we ask how gays and lesbians manage their images as "good cops" in the face of gender norm violations associated with their sexual orientation. Our findings indicate that masculinity and femininity do not hold together in a cohesive, dichotomous manner for these officers. Instead, other characteristics that enhance policing are emphasized to support their occupational competence. These officers see themselves as "good cops." The gendered/sexualized character of their self-perceptions appears to matter less than the context of the job, more than for a comparison sample of heterosexual police officers. We conclude that although gay and lesbian officers see their sexuality as an occupational asset, they are also likely to work harder to prove themselves as crime fighters.