组织中上下级值得信任的行为研究

组织中的信任关系已经成为研究的热点问题。在文献基础上,本研究采用半结构化访谈的研究方法,对42名管理人员进行访谈。通过编码和统计分析,结果发现,上下级值得信任的行为可以分为能力任务、支持相容、道德诚信、尽责敬业四个方面,但是行为内容和强调重点均有所区别。能力因素是组织中的信任强调的首要方面;对上级的信任更强调支持关怀和诚信道德,对下属的信任更强调尽责投入和坦诚忠实。     

领导者管理傲慢精英员工的误区及调适

精英员工能力与业绩突出,为单位发展做出了重要贡献,但这种成就在个体特质、个人修养、认知局限、知识沉淀等因素的影响下,有可能诱发精英员工的傲慢心态。这会给领导者造成权力与地位威胁,使领导者将精英员工视为"圈外人"甚至是敌人,引发领导者的辱虐管理、排斥、打压等消极反应,严重情况下还会出现精英员工的反抗,造成单位内人际关系恶性循环,对单位发展造成恶劣影响。鉴于此,领导者与精英员工需要对自身行为与心态进行调适:领导者应实施包容策略,培育与完善包容型领导风格,充分信任精英员工,对精英员工宽容与约束并存;精英员工应实施忠诚策略,保持谦虚谨慎的态度,加强与领导者的情感沟通,加强忠诚度建设。     

基于顾客承诺的IT业品牌忠诚形成机制研究

针对"顾客满意悖论"现象,引入心理学中的承诺机制,探讨了顾客满意、顾客信任和顾客承诺对品牌忠诚度的递推影响作用。研究发现,顾客满意、顾客信任不仅对品牌忠诚有直接的影响,还通过顾客承诺的中介作用间接影响品牌忠诚。由此,欲建立品牌忠诚的企业,不仅要强调顾客满意和顾客信任,还要提高顾客情感承诺和持续承诺,通过增加顾客转换成本和情感依赖,获得品牌忠诚,降低客户流失。     

企业社会责任表现对员工忠诚度的影响研究

本文采用回归分析等统计方法来检验企业社会责任各维度与员工忠诚度的相关关系。研究结果表明,企业承担环境责任和消费者责任对员工忠诚度各维度存在显著性影响;企业承担社会公众责任对员工情感忠诚和留职忠诚存在显著性影响,对员工努力忠诚没有显著性影响。     

柠檬效应视角下领导者对“技巧型”下属的治理之策

"技巧型"下属会出于自我服务动机,通过恭维领导者、遵循领导者观点、施惠领导者、展现自我、贬低自我等行为设计增进与领导者之间的关系。根据柠檬效应,"技巧型"下属的逢迎等会造成对责任、忠诚、公平的驱逐,产生"劣币驱逐良币"效应。"技巧型"下属的形成与其个人特质、领导管理与组织情境等都具有密切关系,是内在综合因素共同作用的产物。治理"技巧型"下属,领导者应转变领导风格模式,削弱"技巧型"下属的产生契机;坚持能力与品德导向,营造公平公正的组织情境;优化组织管理机制,缩小"技巧型"下属的操作空间。     

心理契约视角下企业领导如何赢得下属的信任

<正>本文所讨论的领导与下属之间的信任关系是将领导视为信任的客体,即信任的接受者,而把下属视为信任的主体,即信任的施予者。因此,领导与下属之间的信任关系本质上是指下属相信领导者会采取对下属有利的特定行为,并保护下属的相关权益,而不是去利用下属的弱点使其受害。一、心理契约在领导赢得下属     

翻转视角下员工积极追随特质的有效培养和职场压力缓释

翻转视角下,“以员工为中心”的立场观点将更主张领导者围绕员工“获得感—损耗感”进行自我责任分配判断,在充分尊重高积极追随特质者的目标取向和工作兴趣的基础上回应对方以支持与配合,继而获得自下而上愈发强烈的忠诚、信赖与追随。领导者应通过“成就感—挑战欲”的对应激励、“正向感—正直性”的相互回应、“价值感—忠诚度”的相互强化、“主体感—配合力”的相互维系来培养员工的积极追随特质,针对可能引致员工工作压力陡增的情形进行有针对性的治理与防范。具体而言,即从领导支持入手,将其对高积极追随特质者的认可、信任与重视限定在适度合理范围之内,通过重视与慎用、支持与释压、信任与保护、公平与协调,既保证员工自我价值的充分展示与全面实现,产生更强烈的职场获得感,又不至于因为高强度工作状态而使自我资源耗散过快。     

关系利益在零售业忠诚计划和顾客忠诚中的中介效应研究

以零售业为背景,分析了忠诚计划对顾客忠诚的影响,并从顾客的角度引入关系利益这一中介变量;运用结构方程模型验证了忠诚计划不仅对行为忠诚具有直接的正向影响,还能够通过增加顾客从零售商与顾客的关系中获得的信任利益、社会利益和特殊待遇利益,有效提升顾客的行为忠诚和情感忠诚。实证研究表明,信任利益在提升顾客忠诚方面的作用最为显著,社会利益次之。     

创始爱心资金获取：情感信任还是能力信任

创始资金是新创企业开展创业活动的关键资源,但由于新创弱性和缺乏有效的市场记录,创业者不得不更多寻求非正式制度的社会网络支持,来自家人和朋友的爱心资金是对正式金融机构融资制度的重要补充和替代。已有研究大多将爱心资金与爱和情感联系起来,忽视理性因素的考虑。结合中国的制度文化情景,建立基于情感信任和理性信任的爱心资金获取整合模型,深化创业资金获取的社会网络和制度理论分析。基于2009年至2011年中国新生创业活动动态跟踪调研数据进行实证分析,采用Probit回归方法对社会网络、制度环境、创业活跃度和爱心资金之间关系进行理论分析和实证检验,进一步考察爱心资金结构差异对创业绩效的影响。研究结果表明,情感信任与能力信任的交互作用与爱心资金存在正相关关系,制度环境对情感信任与能力信任的交互作用与爱心资金的关系存在负向调节,创业活跃度则呈现正向调节。研究结论拓展和深化了创业社会网络的分析框架,将情感和理性因素结合起来,突破了已有研究对于血缘的利他主义和朋友的道义责任的情感性单一解释。     

强下属如何面对弱上司

领导者与被领导者是一对矛盾,一般情况下,上司能力强,下属相对来说能力较弱时,上司能够孚众,领导者与被领导者的关系比较和谐、融洽.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.