Gender and work: The occupational expectations of young women and men in the 1990s

This article uses data from a longitudinal survey of youth to examine the effects of gender on the occupational expectations and attitudes of youth in the 1990s. Twelve hundred youth from central and eastern Canada were surveyed in 1989 and 1994. Results show few gender differences in the status rankings in the youths' expected occupations, or in their intentions to enter the paid labour force. However, there were differences in the ways females and males saw themselves combining work and family responsibilities—especially pre-school aged children. The attitudes and experiences of the young women's mothers appeared to affect these plans—plans that were unrelated to social class background. The results are discussed in the context of McCall's notion on gendered dispositions. where she has been faculty since 1975. Her research interests include the sociology of education, youth and gender issues. She currently holds two research grants funded by Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, one as principal investigator, the other as a member of a research network on longitudinal studies of youth. Her research interests include sociology of education and work, youth and gender issues.     

Doing the daily grind: The effects of domestic labor on professional,managerial, and technical workers’ earnings

Using two waves of data from the National Survey of Families and Households, I examined how domestic labor tasks including daily grind tasks, female-type and male-type tasks affected the earnings of workers in professional, managerial, and technical occupations in the short and long term. The results show that performing daily grind tasks reduces the earnings of college-educated workers in high prestige occupations immediately and over time. Further, domestic labor explained an additional 19 percent of the gap between the earnings of women and men in professional, managerial, and technical occupations. These results suggest that despite having jobs that offer higher pay and more autonomy, the time spent doing the daily grind, negatively affects earnings, especially for women in professional, managerial, and technical occupations. Rebecca S. Powers ia an assistant professor at East Carolina University. Her research interests include social inequality, gender, immigration, and work. Currently, she is examining differences in gender norms and studying relationships between employers and Hispanic workers in new destination sites.     

The meaning of womanhood in the neoliberal age: Class and age-based narratives of chilean Women

This article explores the transformations in the meaning of womanhood in Chile as articulated by women of different class backgrounds and age cohorts. It argues that the political and economic changes the country has experienced in the last three decades—specifically the drive to modernize and the adoption of a free-market approach to economic and social development—have clearly influenced women's gendered expectations and ideals. Market dynamics infuse social relations with values of self-sufficiency and individualism, which engender new roles and demands for women. At the same time, family and work responsibilities have created contradictions in the lives of women, generating a critical assessment and a redefinition of their social place in contemporary Chile. Chilean women's narratives suggest that personal development and growth, autonomy, and independence, often obtained as a result of paid work, are important sources of gender identity. At the same time, motherhood and home-life remain strongholds of womanhood, particularly for working class women and the older cohorts. This work proposes that social class and lived historical context provide women with different resources that allow them to sift through cultural ideals that privilege neoliberal values regarding femininity. Ultimately, women's uneven participation in the process of modernization results in diverse women's dissimilar emphasis on motherhood, domesticity and work as sources of gender identity. Her research interests include gender, work, race and ethnicity. She is currently editing a book on domestic work in Latin America and developing a project on south-to-south migration. The author wishes to thank Margaret Power (IIT, Chicago) for her helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Rosalba Todaro (CEM, Chile), and Maritsa Poros (CUNY), also provided insights and support.     

Doing technology, doing gender: Teaching gendered technoculture

This article explores the intersection between gender and technology in a Women's and Gender Studies course. It explores the pedagogical methodologies of the course, as well as the ways in which students engage in the process of learning how society genders technology and then uses these gender roles to create a technological hierarchy. where she holds a joint appointment in the Women’s and Gender Studies Program and the History Department. She teaches courses in women’s history, gay and lesbian history, feminist theories, sexual politics, gender and popular culture, and gender and technology. Her current research interests include study of the uses of image, the body, and the media in the first and second waves of the feminist movements. Her essays have appeared in NWSA Journal and Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy.     

Are men or women more reluctant to marry in couples sharing a non-marital birth?

In this paper I examine whether one gender is driving the “retreat from marriage” among unmarried parents. I use a sample of romantically involved unmarried parents—taken from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Survey—to examine whether a gender difference exists in marriage attitudes that are current-relationship specific and not relationship specific, with and without controls of current relationship quality. Using ordered logistical analysis, I find that, net of other factors, men are more positive regarding marriage and their current relationship than their female partners. She earned her M.A. in sociology from Northwestern University in 2004. Her research interests include gender and the family.     

性别差异视角下的“80后”员工关系的企业社会工作探析

本文采依社会资本理论和社会性别发展理论,借鉴现有的企业社会工作运作模式,从性别差异视角入手,透过"80后"员工关系,探讨企业社工的介入、应用及发展。根据男女两性各自拥有的资源、位置和场域结构等的不同,在已有的企业社工方法中加入社会性别赋权的方法技巧,促进"80"后员工的自我赋权,提升适应能力,同时协助企业改善员工关系,提高管理效率。     

Married Persons’ Subjective Class Identification: The Role of Individual Gender Ideologies from 1972 to 2002

This study examined married men and women’s subjective class identification between 1972 and 2002, and the role of individual gender ideologies in married persons’ shifting status-evaluation models. We used nationally representative trend data gathered as part of the General Social Survey. Consistent with previous theoretical predictions, results indicated that overall, husbands and wives used status-sharing models of status-evaluation. Interestingly, however, in the late 1990s and early 2000s women shifted toward a status-borrowing model of status-evaluation. Results suggested that gender ideologies did not explain recent trends in the importance of wives’ and husbands’ class attributes for models of status-evaluation. We concluded that shifts in hegemonic gender beliefs, rather than individual gender ideologies, are a more likely explanation of changes in couples’ models of status-evaluation.

Pensions and gender in Latin America: Where do we stand in the Southern Cone?

This article summarizes gender-related aspects of the current social security reform paradigm in the countries of Latin America's Southern Cone—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. The author, Fabio M. Bertranou, begins with a review of the main elements that justify dealing with various aspects of social protection—old age, disability and survival. Bertranou then provides a summary of the main performance aspects of these reformed social security programs in the countries of the Southern Cone region in terms of providing protection for the risks of old age. Results for substitution (replacement) rates by gender are provided for Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. The author also discuss other conceptual and empirical evidence produced by other international agencies such as the World Bank and ECLAC. Finally, Bertranou discusses some of the general implications for incorporating this dimension in the debate about public policies and reforms of social protection systems, particularly pensions and related programs.     

解读马友仙声腔艺术

秦腔表演艺术家马友仙,从艺50年来,创造了十分丰富的舞台艺术形象,其代表剧目《窦娥冤》、《洪湖赤卫队》、《红灯记》、《断桥》,被专家称为秦腔"经典作品"。她声腔艺术特点是嗓音清脆嘹亮,高昂挺拔,音色明亮而有光彩,感情色彩十分浓郁。其歌喉婉转,行腔圆润,运气自如,旋律优美,情深意浓,韵味悠长。由于她在唱腔上的突出成就,使她在秦腔旦角中占有重要的地位,因而,在西北五省(区)享有很高的声誉。     

Female police officers in Israel: Patterns of integration and discrimination

This article analyzes the history of the employment of women in the Israel Police and explores the status of women in the force in terms of their number, rank, and assignment. It indicates the social, personal and organizational factors that explain women’s entrance and integration into the police. It suggests that the simultaneous processes of progression and retrogression regarding women’s integration are operating in the work environment as well as in the society at large. The article also considers conservative and feminist interpretations of this state of affairs. Erella Shadmi has a Ph.D. in criminology from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and an M.A. in industrial relations from the University of Minnesota. Formerly a senior police officer in the Israel Police, she is currently a lecturer in women’s studies and criminal justice at Beit Berl College and Ben Gurion University. Dr. Shadmi is the author of a book on the history of the Israel Police (forthcoming). Her main theoretical and research interests include feminist critique of the Israeli society and the development of and relations between feminist theory and practice in Israel.     

The Cost of Doing Femininity: Gendered Disparities in Pricing of Personal Care Products and Services

Economic discrimination has been a major focus of gender research for the past several decades and such studies reveal a persistent gender wage gap. This study examines another aspect of the interaction between gender and the economy that has been largely ignored by social scientists—gender-based disparities in the cost of goods and services in the personal care industry. We examine prices charged for personal care products and services that are targeted toward women or men and find that women pay more than men for certain items and services. Our research suggests that although the differences are not uniform across types of services or products, women do tend to pay more than men for items such as deodorant, haircuts, and dry-cleaning. We suggest that such practices contribute to gender inequality by increasing women’s economic burden and reinforcing essentialist thinking about gender (i.e., that women and men are biologically different).     

Self-Rated Health in the Baltic Countries, 1994–1999

Numerous studies have examined the explanations of mortality fluctuations in the former USSR during the last decade of the twentieth century—a time of considerable political and socio-economic changes—but fewer studies have considered the health of these populations during this period. Using individual data from the Norbalt surveys held in 1994 and 1999 in the three Baltic countries, we examine the determinants of self-rated health in the three countries and for the two periods, by way of Bayesian structural equation modelling and directed acyclic graphs. The model takes into account, as possible determinants, alcohol consumption, physical health, psychological distress, education, locus of control, and social support. A major result is the remarkable stability of the model’s parameters whatever the country, year, gender, ethnicity, or age-group. Particular attention is given to the role of alcohol consumption and to the association observed between better self-assessed health and higher drinking.     

地方大学的创新与区域经济社会发展适切性研究

地方大学与区域的适切性即地方大学主动适应区域经济社会发展,并与之建立协调的关系。地方大学与高水平综合大学在人才培养类型的多样性相互补充,尤其是在特色的创新型人才、创业型人才及适应区域经济发展的本区域人才培养方面具有独特的优势。地方大学虽立足于区域,但超越了区域的视野,通过适应区域的需求、制定科学合理的规划、建立广泛的合作关系及走特色之路,主动进行自我调整,促进地方大学与区域经济、文化和社会共同发展。     

A cross-national look at married women's earnings dependency

Using the Luxembourg Income Study data we examine married women's dependency on their husbands' earnings in nine Western industrialized countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. When we examine the level and degree of dependency, and the labor force participation of married women across countries, the nine countries fall into the three clusters delineated in Esping-Andersen's welfare states typology. But when we examine the determinants of the dependency within each country, the clustering disappears. Wives' dependency increases with age, the presence of young children, and the number of children. It is reduced when wives' labor force participation and education are high relative to their husbands' and in families that rely more on unearned sources of income. The similarity of patterns across countries suggests that gender differences in the work-family nexus are deeply entrenched in all countries and continue even in the face of very active social policy to minize their effects. This is a revised version of a paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, August 1995, Washington DC. Her current research focuses on gender inequality and parents' time allocation between work and family. She conducts research on various aspects of family demography, including household and family characteristics, co-resident grandparent families, cohabitation, and child care. With Suzanne Bianchi, she is completing a research monograph on trends in the American family. Her research focuses on gender, work, and family issues.     

Coming out of the editorial closet: From feminist issues to gender issues

“Coming Out of the Editorial Closest” refers to the unusual circumstance of a man editing” Gender Issues during an editorial interregnum brought about by the abrupt resignation of an editor for personal/medical reasons. The year's plus time during which I, in effect, edited this journal, taught me many things. (1) That in the short run at least, issues of ascribed status and biosocial designation are overruled by the essentially universal premises of scholarship in social science. (2) Appeals to evidence based on experience and commonly accepted standards of data are paramount. (3) An appreciation for different points of view in any particular subject, especially policy issues, requires public awareness rather than gender specificities. This statement is hardly intended to be definitive, but it is suggestive, especially at a time when gender, class, and race stratification are viewed as entry tickets to some editorial and scholarly positions. My own experience convinces me that while gender issues are most often best covered by women—or at least those intimately concerned with the problems of the status of women in society—this does not preclude possibilities that “outsiders” can serve a useful and constructive role in the development of specialist journals. He continues to serve as editorial director and chairman of the board of Transaction Publishers—the publisher of among other journals, Gender Issues, originally known as Feminist Issues, now approaching its silver anniversary.     

试论民族地区区域经济一体化的条件与模式

民族地区区域经济一体化是指在民族地区内按照地缘关系（如地域、流域等）、经济依存度、商品及要素流向、民族文化传统以及社会发展需要而形成的跨行政区划的经济协作和共同发展的经济组合体。民族地区经济社会发展亦具备了区域经济一体化备件,民族地区区域经济一体化可选择适宜的不同一体化模式。     

Helping hands: A study of altruistic behavior

The purpose of this paper is to better understand how altruistic behavior varies by gender, race, age, and dress. Eagly & Crowley’s (1986) social role theory maintains that the traditional male sex role promotes heroic and chivalrous helping behavior. Based on this theoretical insight, we hypothesized that men would be more likely to exhibit helping behavior than women (regardless of their race, age, or dress), especially if the person requiring assistance was a woman. We also expected that fewer women than men would offer assistance to another, especially if the person in need of help was a man. To test our hypotheses, we went to the downtown Waterside Festival Marketplace, where male and female actors “dropped” a stack of books. We found no significant differences in helping behavior between male and female subjects, all else being equal. Elizabeth Monk-Turner is professor of sociology and criminal justice, and chair at Her primary research interests are in education, gender, and labor markets. A developing research interest is in better understanding the factors that shape altruistic behavior.     

Women,islam, and the state in Pakistan

In this paper, I outline the history of Pakistan’s experience with “Islamic” laws and their impact on women. I also trace the links between the state, nationalism, religion, and women’s organizations, and demonstrate how they have shaped women's lives in Pakistan. I focus mainly on General Zia ul-Haq’s influence in fostering and reinforcing certain detrimental ideologies and policies regarding women. I argue that a close examination of the state, nationalism, the search for cultural authenticity in post-colonial nations, and the struggles and dilemmas of women's activism in Muslim cultures are all central to advancing the discussion of women in islam. With chains of matrimony and modesty You can shackle my feet The fear will still haunt you That crippled, unable to walk I shall continue to think. (Kishwar Naheed, a contemporary poet, quoted in Mumtaz and Shaheed 1987: 77) Her current research interests include gender and development in third-world countries and transnational feminist movements. Her dissertation examines the role of women's non-governmental organizations in Pakistan.