芬兰以教育领跑为特点的跨越型科技创新模式探析

芬兰的跨越型科技创新模式经历了起步阶段、发展阶段和跨越阶段,呈现出长期对教育和研发高投入、促进产学研结合、建立国家创新体系等特点,给我们的启示是:科技创新战略要以实现经济跨越式发展为目标;加大R&D投入和教育投入;建立以企业为主体的自主创新体系.     

不负时代使命,建设创新强国

提高自主创新能力,建设创新型国家,是国家发展战略的核心,也是提高综合国力的关键。作为当代青年大学生,要积极响应十九大的号召,努力创新。创新是引领发展的第一动力,是建设现代化经济体系的战略支撑。加强国家创新体系建设,强化战略科技力量,为科技工作指明了前进方向,明确了战略任务,也提出了新的要求,我们将不忘初心,砥砺前行,志存高远,脚踏实地奋勇迈向新的征程。     

不负时代使命,建设创新强国

提高自主创新能力,建设创新型国家,是国家发展战略的核心,也是提高综合国力的关键。作为当代青年大学生,要积极响应十九大的号召,努力创新。创新是引领发展的第一动力,是建设现代化经济体系的战略支撑。加强国家创新体系建设,强化战略科技力量,为科技工作指明了前进方向,明确了战略任务,也提出了新的要求,我们将不忘初心,砥砺前行,志存高远,脚踏实地奋勇迈向新的征程。     

民族地区乡村经济行为模式、动机体系及其变迁研究

民族地区乡村经济中的主导经济行为模式至少存在四种类型。民族地区人们的经济行为大致有三种基本的动机体系。改革开放以来,有五种主要因素在改变着这些经济动机体系和行为模式,一是乡(镇)政府、具有准政府性质的村集体组织以及其他各种组织的推动、示范和劝导作用,二是体制改革的推动或压力,三是文化移入的诱导或冲击,四是内部创新行为的出现,五是特定文化传承的激活。     

中国式现代化进程中民族学知识创新的面向、原则和焦点

民族学作为因应现代化而生的学科,理应在中国式现代化的理论深化和创新中有所作为。中国民族学有研究现代化的深厚传统和丰硕成果,中国式现代化的大力推进既对中国民族学的知识创新提出了急切要求,也为其提供了广阔平台,还激发其强劲动力。中国民族学的知识创新应面向：中国社会实践和重大战略、人类生存和发展的重要问题、民族学基本问题和方法。民族学知识创新的原则是：守“魂”、寻“根”、开“眼”、从实、原创。在大力推进中国式现代化的实践中,民族学知识创新应聚焦于“变”和“特”。     

新型工业化是生态文明的必择之路

传统工业化模式将我们逼入了资源枯竭和环境污染的困境,新型工业化道路成为生态文明社会的必然选择.为此,应全面推行绿色GDP考核体系,大力推动企业技术和管理创新,发展循环型、节约型工业,并制定和完善促进政府、企业、个人节约资源、减少污染的法律和标准.     

创新——云南民族工作永葆生机的源泉

面对21世纪的新形势,江泽民总书记总结过去,着眼现实,前瞻未来,提出了创新是一个民族进步的灵魂,是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭动力,要建立国家创新体系的精辟论断。而从民族工作的历史来看,民族工作创新是国家创新体系的一部分,在社会主义的建设事业中,创新伴随着我国民族工作的始终;创新推动了民族工作从一个胜利走向另一个胜利。民族工作是创新的工作。理论创新、思路创新、机制创新、实践创新,成为了推动民族工作向前发展的巨大动力。新中国成立初期,云南各少数民族     

企业技术集成创新思想的发展及其国内研究动向述评

面临全球市场一体化的挑战,企业如何保持持续的创新力,在瞬息万变的市场经济环境中获得更大的发展空间,已然成为现代企业极其重要的课题。作为企业三大自主创新方法之一的集成创新,由于在企业技术创新过程中的独特优势和重要作用,越来越赢得理论界和企业界的重视与青睐。对企业技术集成创新思想的发展与演进进行评述,并对国内集成创新的发展趋势进行探讨,很有必要。     

以"三个代表"重要思想为指导,推进民族自治地方政府管理创新

民族自治地方政府是中国地方政府的一部分 ,在法律地位和政治地位上 ,它们与一般地方政府有着相同性 ,也有差异性。不同级别的民族自治地方政府有着不同的行政地位 ,其管理创新的具体内容也有所不同 ,但其管理创新的基本目的却是相同的。民族自治地方政府的制度创新不仅与少数民族发展本身密切相关 ,还与国家整体的发展密切相关。民族自治地方政府制度创新只有从代表最广大人民的利益出发 ,有利于先进生产力的发展要求和先进文化的发展方向 ,才会是有效的和有益的。民族自治地方政府管理创新有其内在的动力 ,这就是民族地区各民族要求实现现…     

民族地区政府在区域技术创新体系中的主导作用

在民族地区建立区域技术创新体系,一方面需要民族地区政府通过创新组织网络来履行应有的职能作用,采取各种措施支持和帮助企业成为技术创新的主体、促进产学研联合创新、培育社会中介组织并发挥其在技术创新中的作用;另一方面要把区域技术创新与制度结合起来,建立、调整和完善技术创新相关的机制与体制、法规与政策,形成区域技术创新体系相配套的制度网络和社会环境,以保证区域技术创新系统能够高效运行.     

扩大的市场——基于对青海黄南藏族自治州“唐卡”市场的分析

市场是经济学核心概念之一。本文通过田野工作的方法,以黄南藏族自治州唐卡市场分析为个案,对西方经济学理念中的市场提出质疑。认为"市场"不仅仅是经济学意义上的经济资本运作的时空,而是一个包含经济资本、政治资本、文化资本、社会资本与象征资本运行和相互转化的"扩大的市场"。由此对目前中国市场转型理论及实践提出反思。     

青海民族地区双语教育的多元重构与文化反思——以藏族地区数学教育为例

本文在问卷调查的基础上,从社会微观视角出发,以青海藏区多元文化场域的双语教育与区域发展的社会重构为主题,探析了新时期青海民族地区社会文化的多样性、区域文化的互动性、民族文化在区域利益层面的博弈性等多重社会文化样态及影响因素。着重指出:青海民族地区双语教育的拓展与推进基于多元民族文化场域中异质文化间的并存共生、良性互动与包容共享,民族地区双语教育不能忽视文化发展的多元性与多样性,共享、包容与尊重是双语教育最终取得发展的动力根源所在。     

民族地区城镇劳动力市场中的性别就业与工资差异——以宁夏回族自治区为例

本文以中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所委托国家统计局宁夏调查总队2007年所做的宁夏回族自治区经济社会调查数据为基础,针对宁夏城镇劳动力市场中的汉族和回族劳动人口,证实了汉族男性和汉族女性、回族男性和回族女性间在就业和工资收入上存在差异,并就汉族和回族的性别差异进行了比较。同时,利用一些计量分析方法解释了形成差异的原因。得到的主要结论有:宁夏回族自治区回族内部的性别收入差异明显大于汉族内部的性别收入差异。计算结果说明宁夏劳动力市场中对女性存在性别歧视;汉族女性的收入歧视指数大于回族女性的收入歧视指数。年龄、受教育程度、所在城市就业率、行业、所在部门、职业种类等对汉族和回族,以及汉族和回族的不同性别的就业和收入差异产生显著影响。     

“藏族”,“康族”,还是“博族”?——民国时期康区族群的话语政治

在民国时代的康区,存在三种称谓当地土著族群的名称:"藏族"、"康族"和"博族"。这三种名称来自三种不同的政治力量,分别是民国中央政府、刘文辉领导的西康省政府和以格桑泽仁为代表的土著族群精英。本文将这三种称谓理解为三种话语,其间的分歧反映了三种具有不同的背景、立场与政治诉求的力量间的竞争。通过对这样一种"话语竞争"的分析,本文试图探寻一条理解民国时代康区的政治与族群进程的线索,展示在中国由传统王朝国家向现代民族国家转变的过程中,在国家政权建设与地方权力博弈的复杂互动中,"族群性"作为一种历史现象如何逐渐凸显出来,具有了新的政治意涵。     

“五个发展”理念与民族地区经济社会全面发展研究

Development is the master key for resolving various problems in ethnic areas. During the process of development, we must have correct principles of development. During the “13th Five-Year Plan” period, it was acknowledged that the realization of the goal of building a moderately prosperous society, resolving its challenges, and grasping the advantages of development in ethnic areas must firmly establish and thoroughly conduct the development concepts of innovation, coordina￣tion, green, openness and sharing. This article presents an evaluation framework of the “five de￣velopment” concept, and then evaluates the devel￣opment status of ethnic areas. Based on the results of this evaluation, it proposes approaches for inno￣vation, coordination, green development, open￣ness, and sharing in ethnic areas.
Innovation is the first driving force in guiding development;coordination is the requirement for a sustainable and healthy development; green or“green development” is a necessary condition for sustainable development and important for people’s pursuit of a good life;openness is the only road for a country’s prosperity and development; and sha￣ring is the basic requirement of socialism with Chi￣nese characteristics. This paper analyzes the status of innovation in ethnic areas from the innovations of products, technology, markets and systems, etc. And, it discovers that the general level of innova￣tion in the eight ethnic provinces and districts of China ( Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai) is low, and that the development of innovation is unbal￣anced. Compared with the national average, devel￣opment in these areas lags far behind. For the pur￣pose of maintaining constant economic growth in the ethnic areas, and chasing after the level of de￣veloped areas, the input in innovation must be in￣creased, and the structure of innovation must be further optimized so that innovation becomes an im￣portant driving force in economic development. Realizing innovative development in ethnic areas must depend on the effort of constructing its own learning ability. Laborers should get good educa￣tion, good infrastructure should be built, and good innovation environmental programs should be crea￣ted with the investment of the government.
Realization of harmonious regional develop￣ment is the basic purpose of China’s regional devel￣opment strategy. Understanding this from the angle of economics, the concept of coordination at least should include coordination among three elements, i. e. time, departments and space. The concept of coordination for development should be realized through market mechanisms in the competitive en￣vironment, or through the rational intervention of the government. The concept of coordination for development discussed here mainly refers to the development of coordination of different regions and of urban and rural areas. Seeing from the perspec￣tive of harmonious regional development, the de￣velopment in the eight ethnic provinces and dis￣tricts is actually imbalanced. In addition, urban-rural relationship is another important aspect of re￣gional coordination development. The imbalanced development between urban and rural areas in Chi￣na is not only reflected in income, but is even more reflected in basic public services. The ap￣proaches for realizing the development of regional coordination in ethnic areas should 1 ) be com￣bined with an economic support belt, and impor￣tant lines of communication;2 ) guide the popula￣tion and economic activities to move to important regions for development;and 3 ) take a path of in￣clusive and green urbanization.
Green development is a basic element for sus￣tainable development. The purpose of green devel￣opment is to get solid growth, and avoid unsustain￣able models. Green development will make the re￣sources efficient, clean and resilient in the process of development. Green development requires con￣sidering the environmental capacity or resource carrying capacity while pushing economic develop￣ment. There are three factors in green growth, that it be: efficient, clean and resilient. Green devel￣opment in ethnic areas is decided by its ecological location. Generally speaking, compared with the national level, both the efficiency of resource usage and carbon emission in ethnic areas is low; and environmental resilience is very different in various areas. Increasing the resource usage rate and re￣ducing carbon emission are the main approaches for realizing green development in ethnic areas. The rich natural resources in ethnic areas are only a potential advantage, and not an economic advan￣tage in reality. For the purpose of turning rich nat￣ural resources into an economic advantage, and u￣sing them to promote the regional economic devel￣opment, one should depend on the property rights structure of natural resources, regional conditions of the area, the exploitation cost, the local tech￣niques for transforming natural resources, and the market conditions. We should strive to develop green ecological economics, and realize the“Three-Wins” in growth, poverty alleviation, and ecolo￣gy. According to the ecological advantages of the ethnic areas, as well as their ecological position in the whole country, we should rapidly develop green ecological industries ( eco-agriculture, eco-tourism, eco -industry ) , and make ecological economics become the important source for increas￣ing the income of the poor population. This should be done by taking the rare ecological resources as the base, the market needs as guidance, the mod￣ern business model as the carrier, and social cap￣ital as the driving force. Moreover, we should make plans for green development , make clear its goals and steps, and implement the Green Industry Approach. We should enhance ecological construc￣tion and protection; and initiate new progress in ecological civilization and poverty alleviation.
Openness or opening up is an inevitable course for the prosperity and development of a country or a district. Openness in ethnic areas in￣cludes both external and internal openness. Exter￣nal openness is opening up to other countries or districts, and internal openness is opening up to other areas within China. It could be noticed that external openness in the eight provinces and dis￣tricts of ethnic areas in China is imbalanced. So, we should integrate it with the construction strategy of the “One Belt and One Road” program, and construct a new external opening up framework in an all-round way. Ethnic areas are core areas of and an important foundation for constructing of the Silk Road economic belt, and the 21st -century Maritime Silk Road. The ethnic areas should im￣plement more actively the strategy of openness, and improve the strategic framework of opening up externally, construct new, open economic systems, expand new, open economic spaces so as to build the ethnic areas into important bridgeheads and create vital border economic belts opened to the west, north, and south of China.
Sharing the results of development by various ethnic groups, and realizing a common prosperity are the requirements of socialism. The nature of sharing development is inclusive, fair and benefi￣cial. It further clarifies the keynotes of the rela￣tionship between development and the people, and re-emphasizes that improving the benefits of the people, promoting the people’s development in all-round ways are starting points and goals of de￣velopment. Poverty alleviation is the key in sharing development in the ethnic areas. The Central Pov￣erty Alleviation and Development Work Conference proposed that “ the goal of poverty alleviation dur￣ing ‘the 13 th Five-Year Plan’ is to win the battle against poverty, which includes ensuring food, clothing, compulsory education, basic medical service and housing security for the poor by 2020.” Furthermore,“precise poverty alleviation”is the basic strategy for fulfilling this goal. The foundation of “precise poverty alleviation” is to i￣dentify poverty precisely, and to judge whether it belongs to income poverty or poverty by chance. Speaking from policy choice, we need to strength￣en the self-development capability of poor popu￣lations; speaking from project choice, we should evaluate whether it is pro -poor or pro -growth;speaking from industrial development, we should consider both the market choice and governmental support;and, speaking from spacial layout, a con￣cept of sharing in development should be realized within centralized equalization.     

中国的民族企业家与民族认同——以凉山彝族(诺苏)为个案的分析

本文探讨了企业家阶层与民族认同之间的关系,并提出两个重要论点:一是市场力量和私营经济的发展正在逐渐减小家支对诺苏彝族企业家的影响.尽管家支在新企业的起步阶段发挥着重要作用,但是它已渐渐成为企业的一种负担.二是企业家在传统的传承者与现代先锋的角色之间摇摆.诺苏彝族与汉族企业家之间界线的划分是民族认同的重要表现.认同是一种个体和集体的过程,因而只有在与其他群体(汉族)进行交互作用时,企业家阶层才能对认同产生影响.当企业家之间以及其他彝族人之间存在强烈的文化民族主义时,诺苏彝族企业家的民族意识就将得到发展,以期通过企业家和经济发展成就在国家内部得到尊重.     

论新式回族教育文化运动的蓬勃发展

回族散居全国各地,长期以来不仅与其他兄弟民族间友好相处,而且在经济、文化、地缘等方面亦保持着密切的联系。作为中华大家庭的一员,回回民族历经上下千百年,更是在不断地反对民族压迫和抗击外强入侵的斗争中,谋求生存,获得发展。新式回族文化教育运动印证这一点,在关乎国家和民族前途与命运的关键时期,展现出回回民族团结抗争、开拓进取、勇往直前、共赴国难的精神气魄和不屈不挠的热血本色。     

红色文化增进铸牢中华民族共同体意识的多维向度解析

红色文化是中国革命建设征程的历史凝结,补钙壮骨,通今溯源,与中华民族共同体意识有着严密的耦合逻辑。在政治上,红色文化有利于坚定中国共产党的领导,明晰铸牢中华民族共同体意识的政治前提;在经济上,红色文化彰显社会主义市场经济的民族互惠指向,夯实铸牢中华民族共同体意识的经济基础;在文化上,红色文化标注社会主义先进文化建设的中国底色,聚合中华民族共同体建设的文化动力;在社会上,红色文化促进各民族交往交流交融,提升铸牢中华民族共同体意识的社会认知;在生态上,红色文化有助于建立人与自然交响协奏的生命共同体,筑牢中华民族共同家园的生态底线。     

西部民族地区经济增长与就业能力同步提升研究

在劳动力需求函数的基础上,利用省级面板数据对西部民族地区经济增长与就业关系进行了实证分析。实证分析主要从两个维度展开,一是根据是否考虑就业规模的滞后效应分为动态分析和静态分析;二是根据选区时间段的不同,进行纵向比较。结果显示:虽然产出的就业弹性统计显著,但弹性值在0.1左右,西部民族地区存在失业型增长的可能性;真实工资对就业并无显著负效应;固定资产投资、政府预算支出、进出口、社会消费品零售总额对就业影响不显著;FDI对就业作用在经历了最初的负效应之后,开始呈现正效应的趋势,但弹性值还较小。因此,西部民族地区失业型增长已经发生,但仅依赖宏观经济均衡不足以解决就业压力的挑战。实际上,在保持可持续增长政策的同时,还应将战略转向就业密集型和推动型。这可以通过大量投资的持续增加和再定位来实现。这些投资无论是FDI,还是固定资产投资,应该指向就业推动型和劳动密集型的活动。     

陆荣廷政权在边疆民族经济融合进程中运用的政府和民间两种力量

陆荣廷为首的桂系集团是一个复杂的政治群体,对其历史作用应进行多元化评价。他们利用政府和民间两种力量清除了部分落后的社会政治制度和邪恶势力,扩大了近代经济制度和社会经济组织的影响,在一定程度上奠定了广西新的政治和经济格局。同时推动了边疆民族经济融合的程度进一步加深。