基于DEA的高等学校内部院系绩效评价

内部院系绩效评价是高等学校加强内部管理的关键。本文利用X大学的数据,采用数据包络分析法对有关院系的办学绩效进行评价,得出了各学院的总体技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率值,对有关投入产出指标的松弛量进行了分析,从而指明了调整内部院系资源配置和改进绩效的方向,最后对研究模型的敏感性进行了分析,结果表明模型具有较高的效度。     

普通高校办学资源配置评价的思想、方法与应用

办学有效性评价要测定办学系统在全部办学要素投入下,把投入转化为产出的效率状况.本研究以各高等学校办学资源优化配置为主,以为省级教育行政主管部门提供政策建议和调控策略为主,以得到正确的评价结论为主,在评价方式上以客观评价为主,以提供定性评价结论为主.因此,本研究采用用于横向综合评价的数据包络分析法(DEA,Data Envelopment Analysis)和确定影响特定高等学校办学有效性各因素影响程度的灰色关联分析法(GRA,Grey Relation Analysis).     

环保项目有效性评价的数据包络分析方法

利用数据包络分析(DEA)方法评价环保项目有效性时,输入、输出数据中可能同时存在环境因素,不符合传统的DEA模型要求,需要对这些数据进行转换。本文讨论了"不好的"数据平移转换法、输入和输出因素转换法、倒数转换法,建立了三种DEA模型,对建立的DEA模型一致性进行了分析,拓宽了以前DEA模型的应用范围。一个例子验证了这三种方法在评价环保项目有效性时是一致的。     

具有独立子系统的C2GS2-ISS模型及应用研究

现有的用来评价具有多个独立子系统的复杂系统相对有效性的YMK-DEA模型假设不存在规模收益,且不能评价系统的纯技术有效性.在假设存在规模收益的条件下,建立了评价系统纯技术有效性的C2GS2-ISS模型,将效率分解为纯技术效率和规模效率,从而可以找到系统行为低效的根本原因.最后用该模型对我国制造业发展进行了评价.     

具有独立子系统的C~2GS~2-ISS模型及应用研究

现有的用来评价具有多个独立子系统的复杂系统相对有效性的YMK DEA模型假设不存在规模收益,且不能评价系统的纯技术有效性.在假设存在规模收益的条件下,建立了评价系统纯技术有效性的C2GS2 ISS模型,将效率分解为纯技术效率和规模效率,从而可以找到系统行为低效的根本原因.最后用该模型对我国制造业发展进行了评价.     

中外合作办学学费标准研究

我国现有法律法规对中外合作办学的学费标准缺乏明确规定,存在学费水平过高、学费依据不透明、学校之间差异巨大、学费与教育效益联系不紧密等问题。本研究基于我国高等学校基本办学条件,运用数理统计方法,构建生均培养成本模型,从四个方面综合计算中外合作办学学费标准:明确中外合作办学定位、明晰培养成本项目、构建学费定价机制、结合办学效益等,以期最终制定出科学合理的中外合作办学学费标准。     

最小二乘法在重庆高校人文学科建设评价中的应用

学科评价是学科建设的重要手段。本文选取重庆市高等学校"十一五"期间学科验收的数据,从投入-产出效率角度,引入最小二乘法模型,对人文一级学科进行了分析,其评价结果与现实较吻合。     

对高等教育办学经济效益问题的探讨

本文针对我国高校办学效益的现状，从树立经营大学理念、加强内部成本考核、加大高校资源的共享度、建立经济效益评价指标体系等方面对提高高校办学效益问题进行了探讨。     

IT投资项目的技术经济评价模型及应用研究

本文对传统的技术经济评价模型在IT投资项目中的运用进行了改进,将实物期权评价方法引入到模型中,并对IT投资项目的技术经济评价方法进行了系统化,提出了IT投资项目技术经济综合评价模型,最后通过实际案例说明了该模型的有效性.     

AHP-模糊综合理论在科研管理中的应用

本文从科研机构特点出发,提出一种针对国有科研机构组织绩效的评价模型。采用层次分析法(AHP:Analytic Hierarchy Process)确定评价指标的权重,并通过模糊综合评价法对指标进行评价分析。实例选取一所国有科研机构进行数据模拟,对该科研机构的组织绩效评价模型进行评估,分析了该模型的有效性和局限性。     

Exploring the efficiency of Mexican universities: Integrating Data Envelopment Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling

National policy initiatives require the expenditure of large amounts of resources over several years. It is common for these initiatives to generate large amounts of data that are needed in order to assess their success. Educational policies are an obvious example. Here we concentrate on Mexico׳s “Educational Modernisation Programme” and try to see how this plan has affected efficiency in teaching and research at Mexico׳s universities. We use a combined approach that includes traditional ratios together with Data Envelopment Analysis models. This mixture allows us to assess changes in efficiency at each individual university and explore if these changes are related to teaching, to research, or to both. Using official statistics for 55 universities over a six year period (2007–2012), we have generated 12 ratios and estimated 21 DEA models under different definitions of efficiency. In order to make the results of the analysis accessible to the non-specialist we use models that visualise the main characteristics of the data, in particular scaling models of multivariate statistical analysis. Scaling models highlight the important aspects of the information contained in the data. Because the data is three-way (variables, universities, and years) we have chosen the Individual Differences Scaling model of Carroll and Chang. We complete the paper with a discussion of efficiency evolution in three universities.     

基于优化Shapley值的产学研网络型合作利益协调机制研究——以产业技术创新战略联盟为例

随着复杂产品协同研制的兴起,以往的线型化产学研合作模式已难以适应现行的创新活动,正逐渐被网络化模式所替代。这种网络型合作模式还处于起步阶段,在跨组织协同管理、人才集聚、知识有效流动、利益分配等方面存在不少问题。本文以产业技术创新战略联盟为例,基于契约设计理论,研究创新主体在合作过程中的利益协调问题。对Shapley值进行优化,讨论在面对道德风险情况下,如何利用网络协同系数对奖励支付进行协调,以使创新主体利益分配更公平、更合理。同时,将这一协调机制设计进利益分配中,以达到应有的激励目的。     

Performance measurement in industrial R&D

Currently, the need for R&D performance measurements that are both practically useful and theoretically sound seems to be generally acknowledged; indeed, the rising cost of R&D, greater emphasis on value management and a trend towards decentralization are escalating the need for ways of evaluating the contribution of R&D to corporate performance. However, although recent research and writing on the subject shows that the challenge of developing such sound measurements has been taken up by many academics and organizations, it is also clear that there is no generally applicable approach.
In this review, we consider various approaches for measuring the performance in industrial R&D and identify their key characteristics. We also include a brief summary of the 'history' of performance measurement in R&D, which shows that although there are some new ways of looking at the issue there are many examples from the past that can contribute to our current thinking.
The approaches found in the literature and practice are very varied in their application, some being more suitable for the project level, others for the R&D department, and some for the development process or for the organization as a whole. Furthermore, the uses of the approaches tend to be different. For example, some approaches are intended to justify the continuation of investment in R&D to upper management, whilst others are more suited to support learning and self-correction by empowered R&D teams. In this paper these uses, or 'functions', of performance measurement and a taxonomy of typical subjects of measurement in R&D environments are explored.
Finally, we conclude the review with a discussion of some limitations of the growing literature on R&D performance measurement.     

Universities Need a Market Orientation to Attract Non-Traditional Stakeholders as New Financing Sources

Reflecting the level of priority currently attributed to public university financing in ongoing discussions, the objective of this article is to debate alternative forms of attracting resources from stakeholders not normally associated with the financing of public universities. We begin by detailing sources of university financing as it slowly migrates from the public sector to the market. After we move on to describe the main public university stakeholders and the respective relationships between the parties. Finally, our discussion focuses on different means and alternatives ways, to finance public universities through use of non-traditional stakeholders giving some examples. In conclusions we find that despite university managers normally being aware of such entities, the other internal university actors show a lack of pro-activeness regarding the opportunities presented by different stakeholders. So the public universities need to actively engage with the marketplace, and this reality can be achieved if at internal level they are assigned priorities for the relationships with these new stakeholders.     

Intra-Organizational and inter-organizational resource allocation in two-stage network systems

There are organizational systems, such as bank branches and two-stage supply chains, which are composed of multiple parallel two-stage structures. Resource allocation in these systems is to maximize the benefit of the overall organization from a global viewpoint. In this study, we consider two types of systems at an organizational level: a centralized organizational system treating the whole two-stage production process as a basic unit, and a decentralized organizational system including two sub-organizations (groups) treating one of the two-stage production processes as a basic unit. We propose intra-organizational and inter-organizational resource allocation plans for two different organizational systems, respectively. Specially, two modes of free intermediate resource allocation (Free IRA) and fixed intermediate resource allocation (Fixed IRA) are discussed for the decentralized organizational system. The proposed allocation plans are based on two-stage data envelopment analysis models with bi-level formulations, in which the upper-level model is to maximize the entire organizational effectiveness (total outputs minus total inputs) by determining the optimized input resources and output targets while the lower-level model is concerned with efficiency constraints of all decision-making units simultaneously. The developed methods are illustrated by an application to a real-world problem with 17 city bank branches.     

融资约束与代理成本对上市公司非效率投资的影响——基于双边随机边界模型的实证度量

在有效地控制企业最优投资水平的前提下,本文将融资约束与代理成本同时纳入到前沿异质性双边随机边界模型(Two-tier stochastic frontier model)框架下对我国上市公司的非效率投资程度进行了实证度量,并探讨了各种财务因素对融资约束与代理成本的影响.实证结果表明:融资约束的存在使得上市公司的投资支出较最优水平低了37.5％,而代理成本导致上市公司的投资支出超出其最优水平的30.6％,两者的净效果使我国上市公司整体上表现为投资不足,投资不足率为6.9％.此外,流动资产净额和资本存量的增加有助于缓解公司面临的融资约束程度,而规模较大、持有较多自由现金流的公司内部代理问题更为严重,并且不同规模和地区之间的上市公司非效率投资程度存在较大的差异.     

Efficiency Evaluation in Search Advertising

In this article, we use data envelopment analysis combined with principal component analysis to evaluate the efficiency of online retailers in search advertising. We examine various efficiency model specifications involving several resource and performance‐related variables in search advertising. Our analysis based on 200 retailers suggests different efficiency patterns for multichannel and Web‐only retailers. The results of our efficiency pattern analysis indicate that the performance metrics, impressions, online sales, click‐through rate, and conversion rate together reveal differences in efficiency mainly for multichannel retailers. On the other hand, ad positions in sponsored and organic links reveal differences in efficiency for Web‐only retailers. In terms of overall efficiency, we find that multichannel retailers occupy relatively most of the top positions. These results contribute to organizational level understanding of search advertising practices in online retailing and offer insights into keyword management, resource utilization, and performance metrics in search advertising campaigns.     

A fair evaluation of certain stage in a two-stage structure: revisiting the typical two-stage DEA approaches

The efficiency of decision processes with a two-stage structure has been studied by some modified versions of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology, such as the relational or centralized model, and the non-cooperative model. After revisiting the rationale of the centralized model provided by the literature, we find that some unfairness exist in its efficiency evaluation of certain stage. This unfairness leads to the usual underestimation of the overall efficiency by the centralized model. Furthermore, because the independent DEA model for one stage ignores its relation and coordination with the other stage and the two-stage system, externalities between these members may arise and lead to the seeming contradiction in efficiencies derived by independent DEA models for the stages and the black box system. Therefore, we argue that the efficiency of certain stage in the context of a two-stage structure should be reevaluated instead of simply using the independent DEA model. A sequence of leader-follower procedures, with data adjustment on intermediates, is proposed to eliminate the externalities and to ensure a fair evaluation. We find that, after this data adjustment, the reevaluation of the second stage for a given Decision Making Unit (DMU) yields the same result as obtained by the standard DEA model regarding the two-stage as a black box. Moreover, some explicit relations are established between the black box model, the centralized model, and the non-cooperative model. Two typical examples taken from the literature illustrate our main results. Our findings also imply that more emphasis should be placed on the game theoretic DEA approach to model the efficiency evaluation of two-stage processes.     

Impacts of Power Structure on Supply Chains with Uncertain Demand

In this study, we use a game‐theory‐based framework to model power in a supply chain with random and price‐dependent demand and examine how power structure and demand models (expected demand and demand shock) affect supply chain members' performance. We demonstrate that whether a firm benefits from its power depends on the expected demand model but not on demand shock model. A firm benefits from its power only for linear but not for constant elasticity expected demand. The impact of power structure on supply chain efficiency depends on the models of both expected demand and demand shock. With additive shock, supply chain efficiency is highest (lowest) when neither firm dominates for linear (constant elasticity) expected demand. With multiplicative shock, the supply chain efficiency is highest with a power retailer (manufacturer) for linear (constant elasticity) expected demand. The manufacturer always benefits from a reduction in demand uncertainty. However, the retailer loses (benefits) from demand uncertainty reduction for linear (constant elasticity) expected demand. With a power retailer, the retail price is always on the higher end for linear expected demand, and the customer service level is the lowest for constant elasticity expected demand. Consequently, consumers do not necessarily benefit from a power retailer.     

Measuring the Contribution of Workers' Health and Psychosocial Work‐Environment on Production Efficiency

Increasingly many firms have started to implement programs intended to improve the workers' health and the psychosocial work‐environment, as well as other attributes of labor quality. Motivated by the need for evaluating to what extent the programs affect a firm's productivity performance, this study discusses a model for analyzing the contribution of labor quality attributes toward firm productivity. To assess the contribution from the labor quality attributes, we model firm productivity as the outcome of two separate processes within a firm: the physical production process and the labor quality process. Firm productivity is measured by a Malmquist‐like productivity index and is computed by Data Envelopment Analysis. Based on bootstrap methods we analyze potential statistical bias and provide bias‐corrected productivity estimates. The labor quality attributes are first modeled at an individual worker level as latent variables using Item Response Theory, and then aggregated to a firm‐level. The model is empirically validated using data from three manufacturing plants that participated in a coordinated worksite health promotion program. Over a 4‐year period (2000–2003), we observed a general improvement in efficiency of 2–5%, half of which could be attributed to an improvement in workers' health and psychosocial work‐environment. A key benefit with the model is that it is practical, easy to implement, and very fast to compute. The model also constructively contributes to the discourse on sustainability by providing a framework for deriving meaningful metrics and providing tangible measurements on the effect of sustainability‐related issues.