国际政治社会化:国际规范与国际行为体的互动机制

国际政治一体化和全球治理的兴起,加强了国际体系结构及制度规范与国际行为体的互动关系。在国际行为体互动过程中,如何内化国际规则和制度、传播国际体系文化,以及实现全球治理,是国际政治社会学的重要研究内容。本文认为,中国作为全球治理体系的重要建设者,必须积极回应和创造性地介入国际政治社会化进程,从文化层面提升全球治理的有效性。     

An analysis of International Bulfer Stocks for cocoa and copper through dynamic optimization

Optimal control theory is used to analyze buffer stock price stabilisation. Linear econometric models of the world cocoa and copper markets are estimated over the period 1956-75 and the simulated to determine the “systematic” price for each commodity—the price when stochastic sources of market variation are suppressed. Stabilization at this price reduces the instability of producer revenue and also increases total revenue for both commodities. However, the buffer stocks are expensive. Net costs over the period 1966-76 are estimated at $1.7 billion for cocoa and $0.9 billion for copper.     

一个区别于全球社会学的国际社会研究范式——国际社会学及其理论述评

国际社会学是一个以国际社会为研究对象的社会学分支,在20世纪80～90年代形成于日本.它关注国际社会的多样性、差异性及不平衡发展,认为一个统一的"全球社会"或"地球社会"尚未形成,并自觉地与"全球社会学"相区别.它的研究领域包括三个相互交叉的方面:国际关系社会学研究、国际社会研究和地域研究.关于民族性、民族主义和移民社会的理论构成了该学科理论体系的基础.     

从案例看国际法院所阐述的国际法问题

联合国国际法院的司法管辖包括诉讼管辖和咨询管辖.国际法院的咨询管辖无论是在对人管辖和时事管辖方面都有其特殊性,其中以"联合国申请复核行政法庭判决事宜委员会"为主体向国际法院提请的咨询意见有三个,这三个咨询意见都是针对国际组织内部纠纷的解决程序问题而对联合国行政法庭裁决提出上诉的.国际法院在答复这三个咨询意见时所阐述的国际法问题表明,国际法院的咨询管辖虽然没有拘束力,但为联合国大会、联合国申请复核行政法庭判决事宜委员会等联合国机关提出的法律问题,提出权威性的参考意见和解释,从而在促进国际行政组织法及国际法的发展方面发挥了重要的作用.     

东亚国家和地区社会保障制度的特征——国际比较的角度

第二次世界大战结束以来 ,世界各国 (地区 )社会保障制度迅速扩张 ,并经历了三个较快增长的时期。自 2 0世纪六、七十年代以来 ,东亚三国两地从各自的历史和现实条件出发 ,在收入分配与经济增长政策上作出了不同的战略选择 ,建立起特色各异的社会保障制度模式 ,呈现出多样性的特征 ,并经历了不断调整、补充、改革的过程。在东亚地区经济高速增长的过程中 ,社会保障制度作为经济社会现代化的重要内容之一得到不断的充实和发展 ,并在经济发展过程中发挥了“稳定器”的作用 ,促进了经济增长和社会稳定。     

The E nigma of Under-urbanization: An Explanation Based on International Trade

To study the relationship between under-urbanization and international trade, we set up a model of the transfer of surplus rural labor in an open economy using 1995-2010 data from 40 countries and regions where industrialization was incomplete. Our findings indicate that if, in an open economy, there is a substantial labor surplus and in which domestic goods and services can be sold to foreign markets, there will be a significantly positive correlation between the net export ratio and the degree to which urbanization lags behind industrialization; countries or regions with higher marketization level, lower urban unemployment rate and poorer public health facilities are more likely to be under- urbanized; and an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between under-urbanization and per capita GDP.     

从国际公约看我国海洋生态溢油损害评估的相关法律问题

目前,就我国海洋溢油生态损害评估技术标准的确定问题专家之间存在很大争议,其中关于生态溢油损害索赔及评估标准是否符合国际公约的规定,有关专家学者认为溢油造成的海洋生态损害不能作为损害索赔的范围,其不但违背了国际公约的赔偿原则和规定,且与我国国情不符;不仅如此,包括溢油生态损害评估标准的法律效力也应受到质疑。本文从六个方面表达了对以上观点不同的看法,认为建立本国溢油损害赔偿法律机制完全符合对国际公约的履行义务,同时表明我国应参照国内法相关规定建立符合国情的海洋生态侵权索赔法律。     

Dynamics of the Welfare Mix in the Republic of Korea: An Expenditure Study Between 1990 and 2001

Although non-State sectors have played an important role in people's welfare, their expenditures have usually been excluded from social policy studies when measuring the welfare efforts of a nation. This article experiments with a new approach synthesizing welfare mix research using an expenditure study as a tool and applies the model to the Korean case. It presents the following major findings: first, the welfare system of the Republic of Korea has presented a genuine welfare mix in which the role of non-State sectors has been of immense importance; and second, the dynamics of the welfare mix since 1997 have been largely due to the growing role of the State in social welfare, both directly and indirectly. Based on these findings, this article ultimately urges the necessity of the welfare mix approach in comparative social policy research.     

Supporting the Labor Force Participation of Older Adults: An International Survey of Policy Options

The unprecedented aging of the world's population challenges many institutions, including labor markets and public pension programs. This study was conducted to survey expert opinions regarding conditions and policies that affect employment of older adults. Eighty-nine respondents from 26 nations responded to an Internet survey regarding their own experiences with the aging labor force; factors that encouraged or discouraged labor force participation of older adults; and government responses to these issues. Respondents identified barriers to employment of older adults and described their governments' responses. Findings illuminate a range of current policy options and suggest possible opportunities for innovation.     

"霸权稳定论"与当代国际经济法——一种国际政治经济学视角的诠释

国际政治经济学是一门以国际政治与国际经济的相互影响为分析目标的新型学科,其各种理论范式对于主要调整公法关系的国际经济法提供有意义的解释功能,“霸权稳定论”即为典型。立足于“结构现实主义”国际关系理论的理论框架,“霸权稳定论”对于当代国际经济法律秩序的构建与运作、遵守与维护,及合法性等问题,提供了一种来自国际政治经济学视角的诠释路径。当然,“霸权稳定论”对国际经济法诠释张力的局限性也必须引起我们的注意。     

Environmental Attitudes in International Comparison: An Analysis of the ISSP Surveys 1993 and 2000*

Objective. The goal of this article is to compare the concern for the natural environment between the citizens of 26 countries that participated in the 2000 International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and to explain the differences. Prior studies (e.g., Dunlap, Gallup, and Gallup, 1993; Brechin, 1999 ) suggest that the increase of environmental concern is a global phenomenon. However, Inglehart (1995) , as well as Diekmann and Franzen (1999) , argue that the level of environmental concern and knowledge is highly correlated with GNP per capita. Method. The article analyzes new evidence obtained from the ISSP 2000 and compares it to the prior findings based on the ISSP 1993. Results. It is shown that citizens in wealthier nations express greater concern for the global condition of the environment than those in poorer countries. Conclusion. The new analysis of the ISSP 2000 confirms our original notion that support for global environmental protection is strongly correlated with wealth. However, the increase in real GDP between 1993 and 2000 did not lead to a further increase in environmental concern.     

Social Work Students' Perceptions of Child Abuse: An International Comparison and Postmodern Interpretation of its Findings

Correspondence to R. James Christopherson, School of Social Studies, University of Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Summary The decision about whether behaviour with children is acceptablehas far-reaching consequences for those involved. Social workersmust decide what behaviour leads people into the child protectionsystem. This study aims to identify how far social work studentsachieve a consensus on the acceptability of behaviour, and whethersimilar items achieve agreement between groups in Sweden andEngland. Forty-four vignettes of behaviour with children whichmight be seen as unacceptable were administered to 52 first-yearsocial work students in Ume, Sweden, and 50 English students.They were asked to rank the behaviour on a 5-point scale, where‘1’ represented ‘Fine’ and ‘5’‘Totally unacceptable'. Key findings were that there is little consensus within societiesabout what is acceptable behaviour towards children, and significantdifferences between them. It is argued that this is the resultof the many different discourses operating in the field. Theauthor points out the difficulties this can cause, and arguesfor the acceptance of a postmodern approach, which though stressingthe importance of consensus in decision making, ultimately positsthat effective and ethical practice must be based on relationship.Such an approach would resolve paradoxes which have challengeda more modernist understanding of social work.     

Welfare through Work: An Audit of Occupational Social Provision at the Turn of the New Century

Occupational welfare has been a relatively neglected area in both theoretical and empirical studies of the welfare state despite its importance to overall levels of social provision. Surprisingly, there has not yet been a comprehensive examination of British occupational social provision, as opposed to non‐wage benefits more generally or specific provision such as pensions, housing or childcare. This neglect can be explained both by the perception that occupational welfare plays a relatively insignificant role in contemporary welfare states and by a general lack of clarity regarding its definition and scope, factors which have added to the difficulties surrounding its conceptualization and measurement. Despite the lack of attention it has received, however, recent pressures have propelled the issue higher up the social policy agenda, increasing the need for a clearer conception of what constitutes occupational social provision and a more comprehensive assessment of its contemporary significance. This paper seeks to shed some light on to these areas by drawing on comparative and UK data in order to carry out an audit of occupational social provision.     

Children's Homicide and Road Deaths in England and Wales and the USA: An International Comparison 1974-1997

Correspondence to Professor Colin Pritchard, Department of Mental Health, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 OYG, UK. Summary Child murder often leads to demands for new legislation. Todetermine relative risks and the need for such change, children's(0–14) homicide and road deaths were compared internationally.All data were extrapolated from WHO standardized mortality statisticsand ratios of change were calculated. Five-year summed actualnumbers and rates for 1974–78 and 1993–97 were usedfor comparison. The findings indicate that children's road deathsfell substantially everywhere across the two periods; Englandand Wales had the lowest rate, and the fifth biggest reduction.In addition, in every country, the figures for children's homicidewere substantially lower than road deaths. England and Waleshad been fourth highest but by the later period were the thirdlowest. While children's homicide rose substantially in Franceand the USA, the biggest reductions were found in Japan andin England and Wales. For every country considered, road deathsfell proportionately more than deaths by homicide, althoughthe latter remained considerably lower than road deaths. Thestatistics led to the clear interpretation that the averagechild is substantially more at risk of being killed on the roadthan being murdered.