日俄战争是日本帝国主义为了独占朝鲜而发动的战争

为了把朝鲜变成自己的殖民地,在19世纪末到20世纪初的十年期间,日本帝国主义发动了两次战争.1894年7月25日,日本帝国主义发动日清战争(我国称作"甲午战争"--编者注)的目的是在侵略朝鲜方面夺取主动权,而1905年2月8日,日本帝国主义发动日俄战争的目的在于独占朝鲜.     

Dialectics by Command

In concern for the hungry and enslaved I became directly convinced That Kant, Feuerbach, and Hegel had erred—That their understanding failed them. Though I had as yet read not a line of theirs, I firmly knew that, well, as a matter of fact They had gotten it all wrong. Alas! These old men, they didn't know, It was beyond them, They hadn't looked around them! And at twenty years, the spirit of doubt Did not hover over us. Credulous beyond measure, I had already accumulated a solid capital Of readymade truths, taken on faith. Assiduously learned by heart, Solidly inscribed in the records, They comforted me and guarded me Like a stone wall.     

Postretirement work and volunteering by poverty groups informed by role theory

This study uses role theory to examine the association between postretirement work and volunteering among retirees and to determine whether this association varies across poverty status. Data came from the 2012 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The sample was restricted to respondents of older retirees (N = 6,619). We found that postretirement work positively influenced volunteering. However, poverty can be a risk factor of volunteering among older retirees. The positive effect of post-retirement work was found to be more significant in the near-poverty group. We provide an empirical foundation to help inform volunteer programs for retirees.     

Australia saved from the financial crisis by policy or by exports?

There is general agreement that Australia weathered the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) better than many other advanced countries. There is less agreement as to why. In popular discussion, fiscal policy and continued strong export demand have been championed, with less support for monetary policy. But there is little formal empirical work which disentangles the relative contributions of these three factors. It is the purpose of this paper to make a start in this direction. It does so within the framework of a small vector-autoregressive model. The main finding is that the three factors together actually exacerbated the effects of the GFC on average over the 2009–2011 period, with most of the blame falling on fiscal policy. This seemingly anomalous finding is further explored and explained by households’ response to cash hand-outs which were saved and not spent; indeed, it is conjectured that they took cash hand-outs and government predictions of doom as indicators that bad times were ahead and saved rather than spent in response.     

一样孤苦 两种诉说——契诃夫《苦恼》与鲁迅《祝福》之比较

契诃夫和鲁迅是生活在不同时代、不同国度的伟大作家。比较两位作家的两部短篇小说《苦恼》与《祝福》可以发现,他们在创作上有许多共同的特点都不约而同地把社会底层小人物的不幸遭遇作为创作题材,以小见大,反映深刻的社会问题,都采用了冷静而客观的现实主义创作方法和简练、独特的短篇小说写作技法,堪称短篇小说大师。但是,由于所处的时代不同,两者在揭露、抨击社会的深度、广度、社会价值等方面又独具特色,各有千秋。比较他们的异同,可以从中找出许多带有规律性的东西。     

空海携回日本的《悟空入竺记》及悟空行程

本文主要介绍9世纪初日本入唐僧空海抄本《悟空入竺记》在日本的流传状况,并对唐释悟空入竺及归国经行的某些地点进行了考证。     

空海携回日本的《悟空人竺记》及悟空行程

本文主要介绍9世纪初日本入唐僧空海抄本《悟空入竺记》在日本的流传状况,并对唐释悟空入竺及归国经行的某些地点进行了考证。     

“礼不下庶人刑不上大夫”辨正

"礼不下庶人刑不上大夫"不连读,两者涉及两种不同的仪礼。因为庶人无庙,故其君、上轼庙时不必下车回避,此即"礼不下庶人"。君使臣以礼,会见大臣当以礼意而非刑意,故"刑人不在君侧"。自贾谊在《新书.阶级》中以"礼不及庶人,刑不至大夫"对之加以阐释后,所引起的争论迄今未决。在承认"礼不及庶人,刑不至大夫"的前提下,通过对"礼"、"刑"的外延加以限制,将之修订为"某些或某种礼不及庶人,某些或某种刑不至大夫",这种说法在逻辑上是不通的;而据此否认"礼不下庶人,刑不上大夫"是真实存在过的制度,其观点虽有可取,但仍然存在前提性错误;"刑无等级"比"礼有等级"更专制。     

对法院调解的再认识

文章在分析法院调解的基本属性的基础上 ,强调指出 ,一定程度上人们对法院调解的认识已陷入误区。认为这是目前影响法院调解立法与实践操作的关键因素。笔者以此为切入点 ,主张对法院调解不可轻易言废 ,进而提出完善建议     

资源通有无市场一体化

共同市场促招商七城市要积极推进区域经济一体化进程,共同市场的建设极为重要,这既包括商品市场的建设,也包括要素市场的建设。只有借助区域共同市场,促进生产要素的跨区自由流动,促成资源的优化配置,提升市场经济运行的总体效率和效益,才能实现经济发展空间的共荣。合作协议中提出,要共同打造区域商品流通一体化格局,消除贸易壁垒和商品流通的地区障碍,建立功能完善、覆盖面广的区域物流网络。鼓励经济区内大型批发市场、大型商场和特色企业在各城市开设分店,进行连锁经营,加快建设统一开放的大市场。同时还要共同建设沈阳保税物流园区,鼓…     

Services Provided by Elderly Volunteers

As the number of elderly persons increases, the social service needs of older Americans will grow too. To provide a variety of services, many social service agencies across the nation are helping the elderly organize to help themselves. This paper represents the second of a series of research reports derived from a federally funded research project to investigate the types of services that trained elderly volunteers provide to other elderly persons in the community. This paper presents a multivariate analysis of elderly volunteers who go beyond providing socializing and reassuring services and provide instrumental services. The independant variables are developed to capture the level of the physical and mental strengths of elderly volunteers. Theses strengths are psychological functioning, perceived health, psychological adjustment, and social resources. In addition, program-participation factors, such as the duration of participation in the volunteer project and the number of persons served, as well as variables related to demographic and educational backgrounds, are included in the analysis as controls. The major findings from this study are the following: (1) Among the independant variables, perceived health is a statistically significant predictor of a volunteer's becoming a provider of instrumental services; (2) The volunteer's level of education and the number of elderly persons served are also statistically significant predictors. One the whole, however, elderly volunteers perfer socialization and reasurance over instrumental services when they try to help other elderly persons.     

Improving judgment by reconciling incoherence

This paper discusses how a subject's judgments about his actions, uncertainties and values may be improved by seeking out and reconciling inconsistences between related judgments. Decision theory tells us that there are relationships between coherent judgments, such as between a prior, likelihood and posterior, but does not tell us how a subject is to reconcile his own, possibly incoherent, views. The role of coherence in improving judgments is not clear. This paper discusses whether there is a unique, best reconciliation of incoherent judgments and how such reconciliation could improve decision-making. The basic principles of the coherent view are explained and a language developed in which the problem of reconciliation can be discussed. The practical importance of the problem is emphasized, illustrated by several examples and possible solutions are explored.     

机车勇士骑行7400公里——个性由我

发动机低沉的轰鸣声,是他们的语言,穿越时间,划破夜空,向着太阳升起的地方飞驰,追寻内心的那道光!在青岛,有一群老男孩,他们穿着骑行服、黑皮靴,戴着黑墨镜,驾驶着重型机车,在高速路上自由巡航,将个性发挥得淋漓尽致……富有激情的生活,个性完全地释放,这不是每个男人向往的吗?这就是一种精神:"自由,进取和激情"。机车的光芒与他们的光芒是重合的,再没有比机车更适合他们表达的载体了。在路