Panel Data单位根和协整分析

一、ＰａｎｅｌＤａｔａ的含义ＰａｎｅｌＤａｔａ (或者ＬｏｎｇｉｔｕｄｉｎａｌＤａｔａ)可译成“板面数据” ,是用来描述一个总体中给定样本在一段时间的情况。通过对样本中每一个样本单位进行多重观察 ,得到的一个数据集。这种多重观察既包括对样本单位在某一时期 (时点 )上多个特性的观察 ,也包括对样本单位的这些特性在一段时间上的连续观察。在宏观经济领域 ,它被广泛应用于经济增长、产业结构、技术创新、金融、税收政策等领域 ;在微观经济领域 ,它被大量应用于就业、家庭消费、入学、市场营销等领域。从 1990年到目前为止 ,已有近…     

基于门限协整的长短利率关系研究

一、引言自从利率市场化改革推进以来,我国已经初步建立起由市场供求决定金融机构存贷款利率水平的利率形成机制,在债券和货币市场已经形成比较市场化的利率,市场机制在金融资源配置中发挥越来越重要的作用。一般来说,长期利率与消费,投资等宏观经济变量直接相关,而短期利率则受到中央银行的货币政策的直接影响。现代中央银行往往通过调控短期利率来引导长期利率,因此,正确理解长期利率和短期利率之间的关系是非常重要的,它直接影响到货币政策的实施效果。另一方面,长短期利差是一个重要的金融指标,被认为对未来经济有指示作用,常被央行、投…     

非线性协整的秩检验方法及其响应面函数研究

 本文对非线性协整关系的秩检验方法进行了系统的梳理,运用Monte Carlo模拟给出了不同样本容量的各个秩检验统计量的临界值,并进一步探讨了其响应面函数,给出了各个秩检验统计量临界值的近似计算公式。对中国上证综指与主要发达国家股指关系的秩协整检验表明,与传统线性协整Johansen检验相比,秩协整检验能够检测到更多的线性和非线性协整关系。     

协整检验的DGP识别

本文用数值模拟的方法比较了不同DGP下协整检验迹统计量的分布特征,分析DGP误设对协整检验结果的重大影响;进而利用我国货币市场和股票市场的数据进行实证分析,通过真实的例子,揭示DGP误设可能导致的各种错误结果。实证分析中还进一步使用递归协整检验和协整关系的约束识别检验,从不同角度显示了协整关系检验结论的稳健性和可靠性。     

基于Johansen程序的协整参数自举分析

 考虑静态和动态两类数据生成过程,利用蒙特卡罗模拟方法,从估计偏差、实际检验水平和检验功效三个方面对基于Johansen程序的长期参数渐近分析和自举分析进行全面比较。结果表明,与渐近分析相比,自举分析可以减小实际检验水平对名义水平的偏差,但要以检验功效的降低为代价。严格意义上,自举分析是降低了“拒真”错误出现的概率,如果VAR（Vector Autoregression）模型能够很好地拟合数据,自举分析可能导致实际检验水平低于名义水平,此时应该慎用。使用Johansen程序估计协整参数时,容易出现异常估计值,因而不宜通过自举法修正估计偏差。     

各地区农民收入差异与城镇化发展水平的相互关系——基于协整的Panel Data模型分析

本文首先对我国各地区农民人均纯收入和城镇化发展水平这两个变量建立Panel Data模型。并根据Panel Data模型的协整理论确立二者间的长期均衡关系,以此建立反映短期非均衡关系的Panel Data误差修正模型,对长期和短期模型中的地区因素和时间因素进行了比较。     

个体协整条件下面板单位根检验统计量性质研究

 本文通过蒙特卡洛模拟试验,研究了个体间的协整关系对面板单位根检验统计量分布、实际检验水平及检验功效的影响。结果显示：个体间协整关系个数和协整向量均对检验统计量分布产生影响;同时,如果忽视个体间存在的协整关系,继续运用个体间无协整关系条件下检验统计量的临界值进行面板单位根检验,各检验统计量实际检验水平将严重失真。     

协整参数的自举推断

 针对完全修正最小二乘(full-modified ordinary least square,简称FMOLS）估计方法,给出一种协整参数的自举推断程序,证明零假设下自举统计量与检验统计量具有相同的渐近分布。关于检验功效的研究表明,虽然有约束自举的实际检验水平表现良好,但如果零假设不成立,自举统计量的分布是不确定的,因而其经验分布不能作为检验统计量精确分布的有效估计。实际应用中建议使用无约束自举,因为无论观测数据是否满足零假设,其自举统计量与零假设下检验统计量都具有相同的渐近分布。最后,利用蒙特卡洛模拟对自举推断和渐近推断的有限样本表现进行比较研究。     

基于非线性ECM模型的贝叶斯门限协整研究

 现有门限协整检验方法由于模型似然函数具有多峰、不连续特征,导致冗余参数识别存在困难,最优化计算相对复杂。本文提出基于非线性误差修正模型的贝叶斯门限协整分析,结合参数的后验条件分布设计MCMC抽样方案,进行贝叶斯门限协整检验;并利用Monte Carlo仿真研究了贝叶斯门限协整检验的有限样本性质,发现贝叶斯门限协整检验方法具有良好的有限样本性质。同时,利用不同期限的美国利率序列进行了实证研究,结果发现1个月与3个月利率之间、3个月与6个月利率之间以及3个月与1年利率之间均存在门限协整关系。研究结果表明：贝叶斯门限协整检验方法解决了冗余参数识别的难题,使计算变得相对简单,并提高了估计的精确度和检验的准确性。     

中国股市波动与宏观经济因素波动问的协整关系研究

一、引言股票价格波动与宏观经济发展水平之间的关系一直是金融经济研究中一个重要论题。国外许多学者的大量研究表明股票市场价格波动主要是由经济周期、货币供给、利率、通货膨胀率等经济变量所决定的。FAMA[1 ](1990 )对美国证券市场收益率与宏观经济之间关系的研究结果表明,股票价格和实际经济增长存在正相关关系。世界银行经济学家德米尔居斯·孔特和莱文[2 ] (1996 )等人通过实证检验发现人均实际GDP较高的国家,其股票市场发展程度也较高。而Harris[3] (1997)对发达国家和发展中国家的上述关系分别进行了研究,结果表明,在发达国家…     

考虑截面相关条件下的异质性面板数据协整回归模型的估计

 面板数据的非平稳分析是近年来迅速发展的方向,其中考虑截面相关情形下面板数据的协整分析的发展备受关注。Bai &; Kao（2006）得出了截面相关条件下面板协整估计的因子模型,但该模型只考虑了被解释变量截面相关情形,未考虑解释变量的截面相关,且假定各截面间长期协方差矩阵相同。本文在Bai（2006）考虑截面相关条件下面板数据协整回归模型估计的基础上将其结论推广至被解释变量和解释变量均截面相关及截面长期协方差矩阵不相同即异质性时的情形,并试图通过Monte Carlo 模拟讨论其小样本性质。并且由于截面间长期协方差矩阵异质性的存在,本文还针对两变量的协整系统提出了系数检验的组间均值t统计量。     

面板数据模型的截面相关检验研究

 相关系数的绝对值形式可以很好的避免Pesaran（2004）的CD统计量中异向相关性相互抵消的情况,相应得到一个新的检验面板数据模型扰动项截面相关的统计量。蒙特卡洛模拟显示,无论是在因子模型下还是在空间移动平均模型下,新提出的统计量水平扭曲(size distortion)检验和功效(power)检验表现较好。通过模拟还发现当存在序列相关的扰动项时,先将扰动项进行去序列相关处理可以有效地避免序列相关导致的水平扭曲,并且不会降低统计量的功效。     

The Performance of Panel Cointegration Methods: Results from a Large Scale Simulation Study

This article presents results concerning the performance of both single equation and system panel cointegration tests and estimators. The study considers the tests developed in Pedroni (1999 Pedroni , P. ( 1999 ). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors . Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61 : 653 – 670 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2004 Pedroni , P. ( 2004 ). Panel cointegration. Asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis . Econometric Theory 20 : 597 – 625 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Westerlund (2005 Westerlund , J. ( 2005 ). New simple tests for panel cointegration . Econometric Reviews 24 : 297 – 316 .[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Larsson et al. (2001 Larsson , R. , Lyhagen , J. , Löthgren , M. ( 2001 ). Likelihood-based cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels . Econometrics Journal 4 : 109 – 142 .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), and Breitung (2005 Breitung , J. ( 2005 ). A parametric approach to the estimation of cointegration vectors in panel data . Econometric Reviews 24 : 151 – 173 .[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and the estimators developed in Phillips and Moon (1999 Phillips , P. C. B. , Moon , H. R. ( 1999 ). Linear regression limit theory for nonstationary panel data . Econometrica 67 : 1057 – 1111 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Pedroni (2000 Pedroni , P. ( 2000 ). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels . In: Baltagi , B. H. , ed. Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 93 – 130 .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), Kao and Chiang (2000 Kao , C. , Chiang , M.-H. ( 2000 ). On the estimation and inference of a cointegrated regression in panel data . In: Baltagi , B. H. , ed. Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration, and Dynamic Panels . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 179 – 222 .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), Mark and Sul (2003 Mark , N. C. , Sul , D. ( 2003 ). Cointegration vector estimation by panel dynamic OLS and long-run money demand . Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 65 : 655 – 680 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Pedroni (2001 Pedroni , P. ( 2001 ). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels . Review of Economics and Statistics 83 : 1371 – 1375 . [Google Scholar]), and Breitung (2005 Breitung , J. ( 2005 ). A parametric approach to the estimation of cointegration vectors in panel data . Econometric Reviews 24 : 151 – 173 .[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). We study the impact of stable autoregressive roots approaching the unit circle, of I(2) components, of short-run cross-sectional correlation and of cross-unit cointegration on the performance of the tests and estimators. The data are simulated from three-dimensional individual specific VAR systems with cointegrating ranks varying from zero to two for fourteen different panel dimensions. The usual specifications of deterministic components are considered.     

New Simple Tests for Panel Cointegration

ABSTRACT

In this paper, two new simple residual-based panel data tests are proposed for the null of no cointegration. The tests are simple because they do not require any correction for the temporal dependencies of the data. Yet they are able to accommodate individual specific short-run dynamics, individual specific intercept and trend terms, and individual specific slope parameters. The limiting distributions of the tests are derived and are shown to be free of nuisance parameters. The Monte Carlo results in this paper suggest that the asymptotic results are borne out well even in very small samples.     

New Simple Tests for Panel Cointegration

In this paper, two new simple residual-based panel data tests are proposed for the null of no cointegration. The tests are simple because they do not require any correction for the temporal dependencies of the data. Yet they are able to accommodate individual specific short-run dynamics, individual specific intercept and trend terms, and individual specific slope parameters. The limiting distributions of the tests are derived and are shown to be free of nuisance parameters. The Monte Carlo results in this paper suggest that the asymptotic results are borne out well even in very small samples.     

二元选择面板模型的设定检验

 本文将RESET检验扩展到二元选择面板数据模型的设定,考察了固定效应Probit模型和Logit模型的设定检验,包括异方差、遗漏变量和分布误设的检验。模拟结果表明Logit模型的RESET设定检验显示良好的水平和功效,而Probit模型的RESET检验可能由于估计方法的选择导致在某些方面的功效表现不好。但总体说来,在二元选择面板数据模型的设定检验上,RESET检验仍然是一个较好的选择。     

Cointegration: Bayesian Significance Test

To estimate causal relationships, time series econometricians must be aware of spurious correlation, a problem first mentioned by Yule (1926 Yule , G. U. ( 1926 ). Why we do sometimes get nonsense-correlations between time-series? A study in sampling and the nature of time-series (with discussion) . J. Roy. Statist. Soc. 89 : 1 – 64 .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). To deal with this problem, one can work either with differenced series or multivariate models: VAR (VEC or VECM) models. These models usually include at least one cointegration relation. Although the Bayesian literature on VAR/VEC is quite advanced, Bauwens et al. (1999 Bauwens , L. , Lubrano , M. , Richard , J.-F. ( 1999 ). Bayesian Inference in Dynamic Econometric Models . Oxford : Oxford University Press . [Google Scholar]) highlighted that “the topic of selecting the cointegrating rank has not yet given very useful and convincing results”.

The present article applies the Full Bayesian Significance Test (FBST), especially designed to deal with sharp hypotheses, to cointegration rank selection tests in VECM time series models. It shows the FBST implementation using both simulated and available (in the literature) data sets. As illustration, standard non informative priors are used.     

A Meta Analytic Approach to Testing for Panel Cointegration

We propose new tests for panel cointegration by extending the panel unit root tests of Choi (2001 Choi , I. ( 2001 ). Unit root tests for panel data . Journal of International Money and Finance 20 ( 2 ): 249 – 272 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Maddala and Wu (1999 Maddala , G. , Wu , S. ( 1999 ). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test . Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61 ( S1 ): 631 – 652 .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) to the panel cointegration case. The tests are flexible, intuitively appealing, and relatively easy to compute. We investigate the finite sample behavior in a simulation study. Several variants of the tests compare favorably in terms of both size and power with other widely used panel cointegration tests.