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1.
Since the implementation of the new General Assistance Act (1996) in The Netherlands, single parents on welfare have become obliged to seek work as soon as their youngest child has become 5 years old. This article presents a study of 1,049 Dutch single mothers on welfare. Using LISREL, a conceptual model is examined for the effects of both the past and current circumstances of the mothers on their labor orientation and on their steps toward a full‐time job. An individual mother's motivation to work is particularly related to the importance she attaches to caring (care ethos) as opposed to working (work ethos) and to the problems she anticipates in combining care and work. 相似文献
2.
Deborah Kirby Forgays Scott A. Ottaway Angela Guarino Marisa D''Alessio 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》2001,22(4):327-351
In Italy, there has been strong cultural support for motherhood as the ideal female role. As increasing numbers of Italian mothers enter the workforce, little is known about the effects of maternal employment. An examination of parenting stress that included work status and Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) was conducted with 174 employed and at-home mothers in Italy. Higher TABP was associated with higher maternal stress in employed mothers and more stressful parent-child interactions for at-home mothers. The strength of the relationship between parenting stress and TABP varies by maternal work status and parenting stress domain. Considering these results, personality characteristics that are incongruent with feminine gender schema may be especially relevant to the prediction of parenting stress. 相似文献
3.
Labor Force Supply Decisions of Rural Low-Income Mothers 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Employment is crucial to the economic well-being of families. Using a multi-state sample of 412 rural low-income mothers,
our study identifies factors influencing two employment decisions they make: labor force entry and number of hours supplied.
A logistic regression model correctly predicted 80% of mothers’ work participation decisions. Employed mothers were older,
better educated, and less likely to suffer from depression; as well as, more likely to have a driver’s license and receive
child care assistance and the Earned Income Tax Credit. An estimated labor supply function explained 33% of the variation
in hours worked by the 208 employed rural mothers. Higher wages, availability of health insurance, and overtime benefits predicted
the number of hours they were willing to work.
相似文献
Sharon B. SeilingEmail: |
4.
Review of Economics of the Household - Economic developments of the past three decades posed new questions to economists: what are the causes of fluctuations in rates of return to human capital?... 相似文献
5.
Lyn Craig 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》2007,28(1):69-87
Time use studies find that employed mothers reduce their parental childcare time by much less than an hour for every hour
they spend in market work. This paper uses data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Time Use Survey 1997 (4,059 randomly selected households) to investigate how employed mothers manage to avoid a one-for-one trade-off between
work and childcare. It compares the time allocation of employed fathers, employed mothers and non-employed mothers and finds
that parents use non-parental childcare to reschedule as well as to replace their own childcare, that employed mothers reschedule
activities from weekdays to weekends or to earlier or later in the day, and spend less time than other mothers in housework,
childfree leisure and personal care.
相似文献
Lyn CraigEmail: |
6.
In spite of relatively generous public subsidies and a reputation for high quality, only a very limited proportion of Italian
families use public child-care and a large proportion use informal care. In this paper, we attempt to explore the determinants
of the use of child-care among dual workers families. Given the limitations of data available we match two different data
sets: the Bank of Italy (SHIW) and ISTAT Multiscopo. We find evidence that the availability of public child-care affects in
an important way its demand. We also find that increases in costs of public child-care reduce the use of public as well as
private indicating a shift to informal child-care. The presence of a grandmother who lives near and is in good health is an
important explanation of the choice especially in presence of very small children. An understanding of the importance of these
factors is relevant in the evaluation of child-care policies. This is particularly important in Italy, where the majority
of families with children have only one child and children would benefit also from the socialization aspects of the child-care
system.
We would like to thank Christopher Flinn, Massimiliano Bratti, and Maria Concetta Chiuri for helpful comments, Donald Rubin
for useful hints on the matching procedure, and participants at the ESPE meeting in New York 2003, the EALE meeting in Lisbon
2004. This research was partially supported by the EC Grant and the Compagnia di San Paolo. 相似文献
7.
This paper explains the increase in middle-aged women reentering the labor force in Japan and their concentration in part-time or temporary employment. Existing explanations attribute women's concentration in part-time employment too narrowly to supply or demand factors. In Japan, both the labor supply of middle-aged women and the demand for part-time workers have increased, but these conditions channel middle-aged women into part-time or temporary employment only when systematic barriers obstruct their access to full-time jobs. Because it plays an important role in women's employment decisions, the rigidity of standard, full-time employment needs greater attention in studies of nonstandard, atypical types of work. 相似文献
8.
Split labor market theory was originally advanced as a general approach explaining ethnic antagonism as the result of class-based interests. In this investigation, the threat to “high-priced” (white) labor from “cheap” (black) labor within the farm tenancy system of the postbellum South is examined as an underlying cause of the lynching of blacks by whites. Supporting this interpretation, the ratio of black to white tenants in southern counties, a measure of the level of economic threat to high-priced labor, is shown to be a strong predictor of lynching rates in the Cotton South. Findings for the Non-Cotton South, however, are inconsistent with theoretical expectations. We conclude that racial violence linked to economic competition between working-class whites and blacks was limited to that part of the South dominated by the plantation system. 相似文献
9.
Sexual Orientation and Labor Market Discrimination 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
We develop empirical estimates of the return to sexual orientation in the labor market and utilize the 2004 Current Population
Survey to determine if lesbians and gay men are treated differently from their heterosexual counterparts. We find strong evidence
consistent with the hypothesis of discriminatory treatment against gay men, and this evidence differs substantially by occupation.
On the other hand, we find no evidence of discrimination against lesbians. These findings are consistent with priors based
on economic theory of the standard taste for discrimination and statistical discrimination models. The results for both men
and women are consistent across wage and total compensation regressions.
相似文献
Edinaldo TebaldiEmail: |
10.
社会资本与市场化的关系是:对于市场化而言,社会资本是一种有益的非市场力量,还是市场力量的另外一种形式?从文献中可以看到,社会资本与市场化均属不易被操作化的变量,因此围绕二者关系的实证研究结果也各有不同。本文对2009年中国八城市"社会网络与职业经历"大型问卷调查数据的分析结果显示,市场化的不同测量对社会资本与市场化关系的判定影响很大;但是三种不同的测量仍然产生了一个一致性结果,即市场化进程在提升了社会资本的"认可度"的同时降低了社会资本的"含金量"。 相似文献
11.
Wankyo Chung 《Economic inquiry》2003,41(3):517-529
This study shows that when fringe benefits are accounted for, inequality increases at a point in time and grew faster from 1987 to 1994. Several alternative explanations of the observed discrepancies between wage inequality and compensation inequality are assessed. The evidence is that the disproportionately greater decline in income for less skilled workers is responsible for the greater decline in health insurance coverage, which in turn contributes to greater inequality growth when fringe benefits are accounted for. 相似文献
12.
We examine whether there is a wage premium from attending an AACSB accredited business college compared to a non-accredited business college. To estimate the returns to AACSB accreditation, we use data from the 1993/1994 Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study, which provides a rich set of control variables. The earnings regressions suggest that there is no wage premium associated with graduating from an AACSB accredited business college upon entry into the workforce. 相似文献
13.
A popular and long‐standing view is that social security is a means for young, unemployed people to “purchase” jobs from older workers. Can social security, by encouraging retirement and hence creating job vacancies for the young, improve the allocation of workers to jobs? Maybe, according to a standard model of labor market search, but public retirement programs currently pay the elderly substantially more than their jobs are worth. An important effect is that retirement reduces the value of other vacant jobs. Our results imply that recent reforms aimed at reducing retirement incentives are likely to improve labor market efficiency. 相似文献
14.
Jaime Lara 《Journal of Labor Research》2016,37(3):368-387
The probability that Mexican households receive remittances increases in response to temporary loss of employment by household heads. Evidence indicates that the probability doubles in the short-term, with a stronger effect in the first quarter of unemployment. Taking into account inter-household transfers within Mexico, the increase in the probability of private transfers is similar in households with low and high access to migratory networks in the U. S. The effectiveness of private transfers as an insurance mechanism has been reduced in an environment of economic crisis. 相似文献
15.
Junsuke Hara 《International Journal of Japanese Sociology》2000,9(1):21-33
Abstract In spite of the great changes in the structures of industry as well as work and occupation in postwar Japan as a result of rapid industrialization, occupational prestige scores as an index of people's evaluation of occupations did not reveal the corresponding changes. They maintained consistent stability since the mid 1950s aside from parallel upward movements, which might be a result of the permeation of an egalitarian ideology. Three kinds of occupational prestige scores calculated from data in the SSM survey of 1955, 1975 and 1995 had very high correlation with each other. The scores also showed a strong correlation between levels of education and income for each occupation, and no relation with labor market situation. And the unchanged order of occupations in Japan might be one of the reasons for the stability. The fact that people's evaluation of occupations revealed by prestige scores has scarcely changed and such scores has been associated with differences in the level of education makes us suspect that Japan's "credentialism" might be weakened in the near future. 相似文献
16.
17.
The number of Americans raising grandchildren has been rising steadily. In this article, we expand what is known by focusing on the economic implications of this trend. We compile a unique data set from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics along with its Parent Identification File on 3,240 nonretired grandparent household heads and estimate the effect of taking in a grandchild on labor force participation and hours worked. We estimate models that distinguish between grandparents living alone from those only with grandchildren (skipped‐generation households) and those also with their own children (3‐generation households). We find that caring for grandchildren increases labor force attachment, with grandfathers more likely to work and grandmothers working longer, if another adult is available to supervise the grandchildren. 相似文献
18.
Shireen Kanji 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》2011,32(1):62-72
This paper tests the contribution of increased labor market participation to a substantial narrowing of the gap in material
welfare between two parent and single mother households in Russia in the period 1996–2003. Decomposition analysis employing
the technique of Juhn et al. (Accounting for a slowdown in black–white wage convergence, Kosters (ed), 1991) and data from
the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey shows that increased labor market participation explains about one-third of the
narrowing of the welfare gap. Changes in the regional distribution of single mother households, specifically increasing concentration
in Moscow and St Petersburg, have proved critical because of the higher wages available in these cities. Thus quality of employment
has been as important as increased participation in the labor market. 相似文献
19.
《Journal of divorce & remarriage》2013,54(1):107-114
An ecological analysis of the relationship between the participation of married women in the labor market and divorce rates was carried out on the continental states of the U.S. for 1980. It was found that the higher the proportion of married women working full-time and the lower proportion of married women working part-time the higher the divorce rate of the state. Reasons for this result were discussed. 相似文献
20.
This paper uses data from an Internet-based CV database to investigate if women are more restrictive than men in their choice of search area, and if this is of importance in the early stages of the hiring process. We show that women are less likely to search in the metropolitan areas or far away from where they currently live. Moreover, our results indicate that these differences are important: Female searchers get fewer firm contacts, and we show that this is to a large extent explained by their more restrictive search area. When we include controls for the searchers?? search area, the negative gender effect disappears. However, the results differ somewhat across subgroups: For highly skilled women the search area is important, but there remains an unexplained negative gender effect. Our results suggest that gender differences in job search may be important to consider in studies of gender differences in labor market outcomes. 相似文献