化被动为主动:共享型领导对员工主动变革行为的影响及作用机制研究

如何让员工将其工作角色外的行为,如主动变革行为,视为其角色内的行为越来越受到学者和管理者的关注。主动变革行为是指个体通过自愿的和建设性的努力来影响组织功能改变的行为,属于一种挑战性的组织公民行为。尽管以往研究对员工主动变革行为的影响因素进行了一些探讨,但主要聚焦于正式垂直领导和个体因素,鲜有研究关注团队情景因素对其的作用效果。通过问卷调查法,以69个部门和262名员工的配对数据为样本,本研究考察了共享型领导对员工主动变革行为的影响及作用机制。跨层次分析结果表明:(1)共享型领导对员工主动变革行为有积极影响;(2)主动变革行为的角色定义与和谐工作激情会分别中介共享型领导与员工主动变革行为之间的关系;(3)领导-成员交换质量会分别调节共享型领导与员工角色宽度自我效能与和谐工作激情之间的关系,领导-成员交换质量越高,共享型领导对员工角色宽度自我效能与和谐工作激情的积极作用越显著;(4)领导-成员交换质量会调节共享型领导通过角色宽度自我效能对员工主动变革行为的间接作用,领导-成员交换质量越高,这一间接作用越显著。     

团队真实型领导、新员工反馈寻求行为与社会化结果

领导掌控着组织的资源,其态度和行为对新员工能否顺利社会化起关键作用。基于真实型领导和员工反馈寻求社会化理论,探讨团队真实型领导、反馈导向对新员工反馈寻求行为和社会化结果的影响。纵向选取53个团队中304个入职9个月内的新员工为调查样本,运用多层回归和结构方程模型进行验证。研究结果表明,团队真实型领导和反馈导向正向影响新员工反馈寻求行为,团队真实型领导显著正向调节反馈导向与新员工反馈寻求行为之间的关系;在高团队真实型领导水平下,高反馈导向的新员工表现出更频繁的反馈寻求行为;团队真实型领导与反馈导向的交互作用通过新员工反馈寻求行为对角色清晰度、社会融入度和工作满意度3个社会化结果起间接积极作用,表明团队真实型领导可以促进新员工有更多的反馈寻求行为,进而帮助他们成功社会化。     

团队差序氛围如何影响团队成员的工作表现?——一个有调节的中介作用模型的构建与检验

在中国社会和组织中,"圈子现象"在一定程度上造成了团队差序氛围的普遍存在,它深刻影响着团队内成员的行为、人际互动规则及绩效表现,并成为当前组织行为领域研究的前沿主题。虽然已有研究开始探讨团队差序氛围的影响模式,然而目前关于团队差序氛围如何影响团队成员工作表现的相关研究却十分缺乏。本研究在权威关系模型和社会信息加工理论的基础上,构建了一个有调节的中介作用模型,以探讨团队差序氛围影响团队成员工作表现(工作绩效和组织公民行为)的中介心理机制及边界条件。本文认为,团队差序氛围会通过上下级价值观匹配感知的中介作用,对团队成员的工作绩效和组织公民行为产生间接的消极影响;该间接影响过程会受到团队信任的调节。本文以59名主管和235名员工为对象,通过对两阶段主管—员工配对调查所获取的数据进行分析,结果支持了本研究的预期。本研究的发现,有利于我们了解团队差序氛围影响员工工作绩效和组织公为行为的内在机理,指导管理者采取有针对性的措施,以期有效地管理企业员工的工作绩效表现。     

工作幸福感对员工创新绩效的影响机制——一个多层次被调节的中介模型

本研究通过问卷调查我国企业73个工作团队的主管及其355个下属,从个体自我表征理论和情境力量理论相整合的视角,构建了一个多层次被调节的中介模型,以探讨员工的工作幸福感与创新绩效的关系。实证结果表明,组织自尊在工作幸福感和创新绩效之间起中介作用,但内部人身份感知在工作幸福感和创新绩效之间没有起中介作用;交易型领导对员工的组织自尊与创新绩效关系以及对员工的工作幸福感通过组织自尊影响创新绩效的间接效应均具有跨层次的负向调节作用,但它对员工的内部人身份感知与创新绩效关系,以及对员工的工作幸福感通过内部人身份感知影响创新绩效的间接效应均没有显著的跨层次调节作用。这些结论对于我国企业提升员工创新绩效的管理实践具有重要启示。     

中国企业领导成员交换、团队成员交换,组织创新气氛与员工创新行为关系实证研究

本文以实证方式探索了企业创新过程中,领导成员交换、团队成员交换对员工创新行为,组织创新气氛的作用影响机理,以及组织创新气氛在领导成员交换、团队成员交换促进员工创新行为作用中的中介作用。研究将助于我们深入理解员工创新推动的内在组织行为过程,并在创新领导方式以及创新管理实践层面为组织创新提供借鉴。     

研发团队领导愤怒对团队创新绩效的影响：情绪与认知的双路径

领导愤怒是个体在组织中最易被感知并会对其做出回应的一种消极情绪,其会对个体行为具有差异化的影响。而在研发团队中,领导愤怒是否会对团队创新绩效造成影响及如何影响,目前尚未见直接的研究成果。本文通过运用经验抽样法,对科技型企业的研发团队进行调查,试图探讨领导愤怒与团队创新绩效之间的作用机制。结果发现：领导愤怒对团队创新绩效有显著的负向影响;团队情绪和团队自省在领导愤怒和团队创新绩效之间起中介作用;领导-成员交换分别在领导愤怒与团队情绪、领导愤怒与团队自省之间起调节作用,即在较高水平的领导-成员交换下,领导愤怒对团队情绪正向影响和对团队自省负向影响越弱。这既补充了中国情境下领导愤怒领域的相关研究成果,又为解决团队中面临的情绪问题提供了新的思路。     

团队凝聚力、工作-家庭促进与员工在职行为关系研究

通过对中国大陆19个省市自治区的1 795名在职员工的问卷调查发现,员工感知到的团队凝聚力能够通过工作-家庭促进的中介效应影响员工在职行为(积极行为与退缩行为);伴随着领导-成员交换关系的密切,团队凝聚力对员工积极行为的影响也更为显著;而在团队凝聚力与退缩行为的关系中,并没有发现领导-成员交换关系的显著调节作用。     

科研团队领导者的社会网络交互及其对团队绩效的影响

本文采用社会网络分析方法,基于87个科研团队的配对问卷调查,研究了高校科研团队领导者的社会网络联系、领导—成员交换关系和团队绩效之间的关系问题。实证结论表明,科研团队领导的内部度数中心性对领导—成员的贡献和专业尊敬交换关系有显著的正向影响,领导—成员交换关系在团队领导内部度数中心性与团队绩效之间具有完全中介作用;但团队领导的外部程度中心性与团队绩效之间的关系没有得到验证。以上结论对科研团队管理具有一定的指导价值。     

基于信任氛围感知与个体主义作用视角的诚信型领导对员工工作态度的影响

通过问卷调查343位被试,从工作需求-资源模型的视角,探讨了诚信型领导对员工态度和行为影响的中介机制及情景因素,包括信任氛围感知、工作投入、组织承诺和个体主义。研究发现,诚信型领导对员工工作投入和组织承诺均有显著正向影响;诚信型领导通过信任氛围感知的中介作用影响员工工作投入及组织承诺;个体主义对信任氛围感知与员工工作投入、组织承诺之间的关系具有调节作用,员工的个体主义越高,信任氛围感知对员工工作投入、组织承诺的积极影响越小。     

被信任的代价:员工感知上级信任、角色负荷、工作压力与情绪耗竭的影响关系研究

在组织管理中,上行信任和下行信任都是对员工情绪、态度有重要影响的信任类型,而下属对上级信任的感知(Felt trust)是近年来才兴起的另一种重要信任类型,被认为是唤起员工知觉的重要前提。员工感知被上级信任主要包含上级对下属的依赖(Reliance)感知、上级对下属的信息透露(Disclosure)感知。本文借助351份三阶段纵向数据样本,研究发现:(1)下属感知到上级的依赖与下属感知到的角色负荷(工作压力)显著正相关;下属感知到上级的信息透露与下属感知到的角色负荷(工作压力)显著正相关;(2)下属感知到的角色负荷和工作压力在以上关系中发挥中介作用;(3)规范强度在感知上级依赖与下属的角色负荷感知(工作压力感知)之间起调节作用,即下属所在组织对服从上级、忠诚于上级越强调,也即规范强度越强,感知上级依赖与下属的角色负荷感知(工作压力感知)之间的作用越会得到增强;规范强度在感知上级信息透露与下属的角色负荷感知(工作压力感知)之间起调节作用,即下属所在组织对服从上级、忠诚于上级越强调,也即规范强度越强,感知上级信息透露与下属的角色负荷感知(工作压力感知)之间的作用越会得到增强。研究结果对于"被信任也可能付出代价以及为什么会付出代价"的问题提供了一个新的解释,也使管理者真正清楚"信任作为一种策略用于管理员工,对员工而言未必总是好的,也有可能引致员工的工作压力和角色负荷,甚至情绪耗竭"。     

‘First,get to know them’: a relational view of organizational socialization

An important episode in workplace learning is the socialization of newly hired people into the organization. Typically, the literature conceptualizes the socialization of new employees as a learning process whereby the newcomer is responsible for learning to fit into the organization. This perspective seems to underestimate the social influences of co-workers and managers. Research and theorizing on social exchange and interpersonal relationships identify the quality of relationships between members of a group as a fundamental factor moderating the quality and outcomes of other interactions related to learning and work. This paper presents the findings of a recent study of organizational socialization experienced by new engineers recently hired into a large, global manufacturing company based in the US. Results of this qualitative case study explore and explain the socialization process from a relational perspective providing compelling evidence that relationship building is a primary driver of the socialization process in organizations.     

Social antecedents of the role stress and career-enhancing strategies of newcomers to organizations: A longitudinal study

Newcomers experience uncertainty and stress following entry into an organization. Two features of socialization are important for reducing their stress: socialization tactics and relations with superiors and co-workers. The present study tests a structural equation model, including, first, the effects over time of initial institutional socialization tactics and, second, the association between social relations at the workplace on newcomers’ role stress and career-enhancing strategies, two years later, among a large (N=661) international sample of job and organization stayers. Using LISREL 8.3 the results indicate a good fit between the model and data on several fit indices. Institutional socialization tactics had a significant association with newcomers’ relations with both their superiors and co-workers, and a significant negative association with their role conflict. Newcomers’ relations with superiors had a negative relationship with their role ambiguity, and a positive relationship with two kinds of career-enhancing strategies that they use to aid in their adaptation to their work situation. The relations of newcomers with co-workers were positively related to role conflict and negatively related to role ambiguity. Co-worker relations were also positively related to immediate career-enhancing strategies. Role conflict was positively related to immediate and negatively related to intermediate career-enhancing strategies, while role ambiguity was negatively related to intermediate career-enhancing strategies. The results are discussed in relation to their theoretical and practical importance.     

Social antecedents of the role stress and career-enhancing strategies of newcomers to organizations: A longitudinal study

Newcomers experience uncertainty and stress following entry into an organization. Two features of socialization are important for reducing their stress: socialization tactics and relations with superiors and co-workers. The present study tests a structural equation model, including, first, the effects over time of initial institutional socialization tactics and, second, the association between social relations at the workplace on newcomers' role stress and career-enhancing strategies, two years later, among a large (N=661) international sample of job and organization stayers. Using LISREL 8.3 the results indicate a good fit between the model and data on several fit indices. Institutional socialization tactics had a significant association with newcomers' relations with both their superiors and co-workers, and a significant negative association with their role conflict. Newcomers' relations with superiors had a negative relationship with their role ambiguity, and a positive relationship with two kinds of career-enhancing strategies that they use to aid in their adaptation to their work situation. The relations of newcomers with co-workers were positively related to role conflict and negatively related to role ambiguity. Co-worker relations were also positively related to immediate career-enhancing strategies. Role conflict was positively related to immediate and negatively related to intermediate career-enhancing strategies, while role ambiguity was negatively related to intermediate career-enhancing strategies. The results are discussed in relation to their theoretical and practical importance.     

A longitudinal study of newcomer role adjustment in US organizations

This paper examines the socialization and adjustment experiences of newcomers to organizations from a role stress perspective. A longitudinal field study is reported which tested a three-stage socialization model using physiological and psychological distress symptoms, general satisfaction, and intention to leave the organization as indicators of newcomer adjustment. Data were collected from newcomers (the focal role) (N = 91) at three times during me study and also from their supervisors (the role senders) (N = 41). While the data confirmed the general utility of the model, it also suggested some revisions by way of new and altered pathways between some of the variables.     

Team Receptivity to Newcomers: Five Decades of Evidence and Future Research Themes

Reviews of research on newcomers mostly address socialization processes, focusing on individual adjustment. This article takes a different approach by examining the ways in which teams adapt to newcomers, indicating team receptivity. We review the empirical research published over the last five decades (1960–June 2012) that examines the antecedents of three team receptivity components—team reflection, team knowledge utilization, and newcomer acceptance—across different research disciplines and team settings. Drawing on this literature, we propose that team receptivity to newcomers can have positive consequences for sustained team performance, provided that team reflection and team knowledge utilization coincide with newcomer acceptance. We challenge scholars to tackle these three components simultaneously and provide methodological recommendations for doing so. To facilitate such efforts, we present a conceptual multi-level model specifying team, oldtimer, and newcomer characteristics that contribute to team receptivity and are amenable to managerial intervention.     

Getting New Staff to Stay: The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification

Newcomer turnover is a major cost to organizations, and the quality of new employees' experiences in the first few months is critical in determining whether they decide to stay or leave. In a study that focused on the first stage of newcomer socialization, we investigate the impact of perceptions of social validation from the team and the team leader, and perceived fairness of treatment on newcomers' identification with their work team and the organization, specifically measuring the group self‐investment components of identification. The mediating role of these levels of group self‐investment and of the imbalance (i.e. difference) between levels of self‐investment on turnover intentions was also tested. New staff (N=569) joining a large public‐sector organization completed a questionnaire about their socialization experiences in their first 6 months of their employment. Structural equation modelling revealed that social validation by the team and team leaders, and fairness of treatment, predict increased investment with the organization and with the team. Organizational‐level self‐investment and an imbalance in favour of investment with the organization over that of the team mediated decreases in turnover intentions. We conclude that organizations should provide newcomers with validation that promotes identification with their organization during this critical stage of socialization.     

A longitudinal study of newcomer role adjustment in US organizations

Abstract

This paper examines the socialization and adjustment experiences of newcomers to organizations from a role stress perspective. A longitudinal field study is reported which tested a three-stage socialization model using physiological and psychological distress symptoms, general satisfaction, and intention to leave the organization as indicators of newcomer adjustment. Data were collected from newcomers (the focal role) (N = 91) at three times during me study and also from their supervisors (the role senders) (N = 41). While the data confirmed the general utility of the model, it also suggested some revisions by way of new and altered pathways between some of the variables.     

员工社会化、组织认同与组织公民行为——基于中国科技制造企业的实证研究

组织社会化的策略、内容及其对员工态度和行为影响的研究已经比较丰富,但在结果变量上对组织公民行为的分析和实证研究都很不足。本文选取了组织社会化中的历史、语言、价值观和目标社会化三项内容,考察它们对组织公民行为的影响及其机制,尤其是组织认同在其中的中介作用。层级回归、结构方程建模分析的结果表明,历史、语言、价值观和目标社会化正向影响组织公民行为,组织认同在语言、价值观和目标社会化与组织公民行为的关系中起完全中介作用,在历史社会化与组织公民行为的关系中起部分中介作用。     

How leader humility helps teams to be humbler,psychologically stronger,and more effective: A moderated mediation model

We hypothesize that (a) the level of humility expressed by leaders predicts team performance through, serially, team humility and team PsyCap, and (b) the strength (i.e., consensus within the team) of the leader humility, team humility and team PsyCap moderates the paths of that hypothesized model. A sample comprising 82 teams (82 leaders; 332 team members) was collected. Team members reported leader humility, team humility and team PsyCap. Leaders reported team performance. To handle the risks of common method bias, each mediating path of the hypothesized model is based on data from two different subsamples within each team. Our model's most novel theoretical contribution is the (moderated mediated) connection between leader humility, collective humility, and team PsyCap, and this was consistently supported in our data. Our inconsistent findings dealing with the relationship between team PsyCap and performance is well established in the literature and our results in both sub-samples were in the theorized direction. The study contributes to understand why, how and when humble leaders are more effective.     

LMX差异化对创造力的影响:一项多层次研究

领导—成员交换关系的差异化是近年来学术界的一个热点课题.尽管已有研究考察了它对一些个体和团队产出的影响,但领导—成员交换关系差异化对创造力的影响一直为研究者们所忽略.领导—成员交换关系差异化文献和社会比较理论表明领导与不同下属交换质量的差异对团队及个人创造力的发挥具有重要意义.基于此,本研究采用社会比较的理论视角,同时从个体和团队两个层面考察领导—成员交换关系差异化对团队和个体创造力的影响,并进一步分析团队层面的差异化对个体层面效应的调节作用.通过对中国大陆80个知识型团队的367名个体的问卷调查,结果发现:在个体层面,相对的领导—成员交换关系(RLMX)对个体创造力有显著正向影响,团队自主支持感在这两者关系中起着中介作用;在团队层面,领导—成员交换关系差异和团队创造力之间呈U型关系,领导—成员交换关系差异对个体创造力有消极影响,但团队层面的关系差异化对RLMX和个体创造力关系的调节效应不显著.总体来看,本研究发现LMX差异化对个体层面和团队层面的影响是不一致的.最后讨论了本研究的不足及未来潜在的研究方向.