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1.
This paper investigates trends in public support for unionism during the 1980s. Comparing data from two western Canadian cities
in 1981 and 1987, we examine the impact of the recession of the early 1980s on public perceptions of the role of unions, whether
the differences between cities documented during 1981 had increased or decreased by 1987, and if “hard times” had resulted
in more nonunion employees expressing a willingness to join a union. There is little evidence of growing support for negative
“big labor” opinions about unions in the two cities. Despite a well-publicized labor dispute involving the use of strikebreakers
in one city, there was no increase in support for legislation restricting the practice. Residents in the same city, however,
were significantly more likely to agree with “business unionism” sentiments, an opinion trend accompanied by a growing willingness
to join a union.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meetings of the Western Association of Sociology & Anthropology,
February 1988, Edmonton. We thank the Population Research Laboratory at the University of Alberta and Dr. Raymond Currie,
Department of Sociology, University of Manitoba, for making available results of the 1981 and 1987 Edmonton and Winnipeg Area
Studies. We also acknowledge the research assistance provided by Alan Law and Mary Thompson, and the word processing done
by Linda Abbott. 相似文献
2.
Many European countries have instigated a form of “industrial democracy” by legislating codetermination schemes. However,
codetermination may also be accomplished without legislation. We show that unionizing an industry’s labor supply will also
achieve much the same results as mandatory codetermination as long as unions are exempt from antitrust legislation. The value
of “union codetermination” will yield returns beyond what economists have previously predicted. 相似文献
3.
A congressional subcommittee held “union democracy” hearings in 1998 and 1999 to debate the impact and effectiveness of the
union-democracy protections provided by the Land rum-Griffin Act which provides union members in the private sector and U.S.
Postal Service certain democratic rights and protections. What was not resolved at that hearing was whether state sector or
public employee union members should also enjoy the same democracy protections. We survey the existing 28 state sector collective
bargaining laws and find that the majority of state legislation falls considerably short of the protections provided by the
Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act. Moreover the consequences of limited state-enacted union-democracy protections
are discussed and assessed to determine whether LMRDA jurisdiction should also cover public sector union members. 相似文献
4.
Conclusion Looking to the future of Canadian public sector labor relations, the glass is half full. Despite regular intervals when government
fiscal and economic policy “trump” public sector bargaining rights through legislation, public sector unions and collective
bargaining will survive. Public sector compensation and job security will likely continue to be at least comparable to the
unionized private sector, and public sector union density should remain stable, at or near its currently high levels. 相似文献
5.
Jeff Borland 《Journal of Labor Research》1986,7(3):293-307
An alternative interpretation of the Ross-Dunlop debate of the 1940s is provided, which reveals little difference in the opinions
of these two theorists on the role of optimizing behavior and of economic factors in explaining trade union behavior. Importantly,
both saw theories of union activity based on simple economic maximands as unable to incorporate some “political” features
of those unions. The recent wave of economic analyses of trade unions however seems to have answered such criticism to a large
extent. A survey of this work is provided to show how many of Ross’s “unanswered questions” can be explained by models where
rational trade unions maximize relatively straightforward objective functions.
This work is based on chapter 1 of the author’s M.A. thesis at the University of Melbourne. Many thanks are due to Ian McDonald
for his generous help, and to Greg Whitwell for his comments on an earlier draft of this paper. The author is presently a
graduate student at Yale University. 相似文献
6.
Herbert R. Northrup 《Journal of Labor Research》1992,13(4):421-435
Helpers, whose role is to assist craftsmen, have been a subject of controversy in the construction industry for nearly a century.
The AFL-CIO construction unions have attempted in various ways to control the work of helpers so that helpers cannot “pick
up” the trade and then compete with craftsmen for jobs. With the help of the U.S. Department of Labor’s administration of
the Davis-Bacon Act, these unions succeeded in almost eliminating the use of helpers on government-financed construction and
most union jobs. This has meant that much unskilled and semiskilled work has been done by journeymen at skilled labor wages.
The result has hurt union members and unionized contractors by aiding open-shop contractors, who use helpers extensively,
to underbid their competitors and win increasing market share. This article examines the ramifications of the helper issue
and related training problems from the turn of the century to the present, discusses various union policies, court decisions,
and legislation affecting the issues, and concludes that the economies of utilizing helpers are sufficient to cast doubt on
the efficacy or future success of current union attempts to limit narrowly the training and use of helpers.
Professor Emeritus of Management; formerly, Director, Industrial Research Unit, and Chairman, Labor Relations Counsel. 相似文献
7.
Thomas J. DiLorenzo 《Journal of Labor Research》1984,5(4):371-389
Public sector unionization has grown rapidly in recent years, and research has suggested that among the reasons for such growth
is legislation granting special privileges to public employee unions. This paper examines one form of legislative privilege,
exclusive representation, from a public choice perspective. It is shown that exclusivity reduces employees’ freedom of choice,
increases the welfare of union leaders at the expense of union members, limits employment opportunities to “outsiders,” entrenches
the monopoly provision of public services, and generates conflict and instability in labor relations. 相似文献
8.
Outsourcing and union power 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Charles R. Perry 《Journal of Labor Research》1997,18(4):521-534
The outsourcing of union work and jobs either diffuses or diminishes union membership, depending on perspective and situation.
The correlation of trends in union membership to trends in union power, while less than perfect, has until recently been relatively
strong over the past sixteen years. The fact that as diverse a sample of unions as AFSCME, SEIU, and UAW have chosen to make
outsourcing a prominent labor/public relations issue suggests that the correlation continues to be perceived by the union
movement to be significant, notwithstanding the efforts of the “new” leadership of the AFL-CIO to break that link with respect
to union political power by “taxing” member unions and their members to contribute both money and militancy to the 1996 election
cycle.
Although outsourcing may lead only to the diffusion of union membership either within or between unions, as opposed to the
diminution of union membership, this fact has not received a great deal of attention. The net effect on total union membership
of outsourcing from one union employer to another union employer is unclear, although the effect on the membership of the
union at the outsourcing employer is not. The redistribution of membership within a union as a result of outsourcing is likely
to have little immediate impact on union power. However, as even the best case scenario presented above suggests, it may have
significant long-run deleterious effects on union bargaining power by taking labor out of a sheltered market and putting it
into potentially competitive market. This is particularly likely to be the case when outsourcing (1) places the outsourced
work into a different industry or wage contour and (2) creates the possibility of moving from sole-source to multiplesource
supplier arrangements.
The redistribution of membership between unions as a result of outsourcing is unlikely to have a major impact on union power
broadly defined. It can have, however, serious deleterious effects in terms of the power of an individual union, as suggested
in my “competitive case” scenario. The fact that one union’s losses due to outsourcing may be another union’s gain is of little
consolation to the losing union. That act, in and of itself, may make the threat of outsourcing a potential union “Achilles
heel” at the bargaining table by placing it into competition with some other, perhaps unknown, union as well as possibly nonunion
competition.
The most obvious threat to union power comes from outsourcing that diminishes union membership overall by transferring jobs
from union to nonunion employers. The willingness and ability of employers to move work/jobs entirely out of the orbit of
union control constitutes, in terms of power and particularly union bargaining power, a revisitation of the phenomenon of
the “runaway shop.” It may also be viewed as a proactive form of hiring permanent replacements for (potentially) striking
workers. The union options in dealing with such a challenge are to endeavor to preclude outsourcing through legislation or
collective bargaining or to chase the work by organizing the unorganized, hopefully with the help of the unionized outsourcing
employer. Neither option may be easy, but as the 1996 auto industry negotiations suggest, the former may be less difficult
than the latter. The possibility that outsourcing from union to nonunion employer may provide unions with the power to organize
from the top (outsourcer) down (outsourcee) cannot be entirely ignored as the issue of supplier “neutrality” reportedly was
raised in the 1996 auto negotiations.
The adverse effects of outsourcing on union political and financial power, by virtue of its impact on the level or distribution
of union membership, can and may well be offset by an increase in union activism—as measured by dues levels, merger activity,
organizing commitment, and political action. The adverse effects of outsourcing on union bargaining power are more problematical
from the union standpoint. The effect of outsourcing, whatever its rationale or scenario, appears to be to put union labor
back into competition. Thus, outsourcing constitutes yet another challenge to the labor movement in its ongoing and seemingly
increasingly unsuccessful battle to take and keep U.S. union labor out of competition by proving itself able and willing to
organize to the extent of the market and standardizing wages in that market. 相似文献
9.
Conventional models of labor relations emphasize “business unionism,” that is, collective bargaining activities and outcomes.
We argue that a more realistic model of behavior incorporates the union’s role as an agent of redistribution that seeks to
benefit some members and union leaders primarily at the expense of other members, nonunion employees, and consumers. Union
power to redistribute wealth is obtained from the special privileges that labor organizations obtain from government. This
paper demonstrates how, as political entities, unions and their employers attempt to secure government-sanctioned wealth transfers
through protectionism.
The authors gratefully acknowledge research support provided by the Sarah Scaife Foundation and the Earhart Foundation. 相似文献
10.
Herbert R. Northrup 《Journal of Labor Research》1989,10(2):215-238
Labor relations in the construction industry are conducted under a legal framework that is both different and more favorable
to unions than is that in industry generally. Thus, construction employers are more subject to challenge than those in other
industries if they operate both union and nonunion subsidiaries; construction unions, but not those in most other industries,
may enter into agreements before anyone is hired (“pre-hire agreements”), require employees to join unions after ten days
of employment instead of thirty, and require the contractor to notify them of job openings. Despite these advantages, construction
unions represented only 22.2 percent of all construction workers in 1987, down from 40.1 percent in 1973, while nonunion,
or “open shop,” construction accounted for more than 70 percent of the construction dollar volume as early as 1984.
Attempting to overcome these trends, the construction unions have sponsored legislation in the current and last two congresses
which would outlaw “doublebreasting,” i.e., one company owning both unionized and open shop subsidiaries, eliminate any restrictions
on pre-hire agreements, and have the effect of forcing thousands of construction workers into unions regardless of their wishes.
This article examines the reasons for the decline of construction unionism, analyzes the proposed legislation, discusses its
probable impact, and concludes that it is lacking in justification for the common good. 相似文献
11.
Paul A. Brinker 《Journal of Labor Research》1984,5(1):93-102
Labor unions provide security to workers through the use of the grievance procedure. Unions, however, may misuse their power
and thereby reduce the security of workers. Such misuse has been documented through Section 8(b)(1)(A) of the National Labor
Relations Act, as amended, which outlaws “restraint and coercion” by labor unions. Few cases involving coercion through the
use of the grievance procedure were filed during the 1950s and 1960s, but the number of cases began growing in the 1970s,
possibly because of the growing legal sophistication of those involved in labor relations. Such cases still number under 15
annually. 相似文献
12.
13.
A changing labor relations climate has caused many national unions to merge with smaller independent unions in recent years.
One aspect of the merger process concerns the willingness of independent union members to support affiliation with a national
union (Chaison, 1986). This article examines the determinants of indivudual-level voting behavior using data gathered from
members of an independent union who rejected a proposed affiliation with a national union in a membership referendum. Logistic
regression results indicate that affiliation supporters perceived the affiliation as improving union effectiveness, were influenced
by social support among co-workers in favor of the merger, and perceived the saliency of the independent union’s support for
the affiliation proposal. Conversely, affiliation opposition was influenced by the employer’s “vote no” campaign and by perceptions
that affiliation would lead to an increased probability of strikes and to future increases in dues. 相似文献
14.
Yonatan Reshef 《Journal of Labor Research》1990,11(1):25-39
Important changes are occurring in the Canadian unions’ political and economic environments. This paper argues that such changes
may be detrimental to Canadian trade unions, given their structural and institutional situation. To support this argument,
private-sector union and nonunion firms in Alberta are compared. This comparison uncovers some structural (union members’
employment patterns and union firm characteristics) and institutional (union services) attributes of unions. Combined with
the politico-economic environments that Alberta unions have faced since the early 1980s, these attributes have led to a decline
in union membership. Because these attributes are shared by many other Canadian unions, those unions may increasingly confront
some of the same hardships currently plaguing their Alberta counterparts.
I am indebted to Brian Bemmels, Alan Murray, and John G. Fricke for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper,
and to Mike Jones for his research assistance. 相似文献
15.
Just 5 years ago, at the pinnacle of their success, New Zealand unions negotiated collective agreements covering over 720,000
employees and were successful in persuading some 603,000 of these employees to join. In May 1991, the Employment Contracts
Act, which withdrew totally any state-endorsement or sponsorship of union activity, radically altered their position. Union
membership fell by around 40 percent in the four years since the enactment of the Act — from 603,000 to 376,000 members in
December 1994; the overall number of unions remaining has declined to around 80; a number of unions have become insolvent
and have filed for liquidation; staff retrenchments within unions has been widely reported and, in some cases, this has led
to a reduction in services and capacity. Data for 1993 suggest that union decline may have “bottomed out” with unions losing
fewer than 20,000 members in that year. However, decline is again apparent in the 1994 data. The removal of external legitimacy
has had a significant impact on unionization rates. We review the conditions under which the restoration of legitimacy would
bring about a reversal of union decline. 相似文献
16.
Taylor E. Dark 《Journal of Labor Research》2003,24(3):457-472
The complexity of union involvement in American politics has frequently been underestimated in the existing academic literature.
For this reason, it is helpful to develop a comprehensive classification of the bargaining strategies adopted by unions as
they interact with elected officeholders. This classification allows a more systematic analysis of the preconditions and associated
advantages and disadvantages of various union strategies in both party nominating processes and general elections. It also
shows that the decision to enter electoral politics is best seen as the beginning of a complex, ongoing, and multidimensional
process rather than as the end-point of a “single-play” game. Lastly, the classification demonstrates that a wider range of
political choice is available to organized labor than is commonly recognized, notwithstanding the real and continuing constraints
on labor power. 相似文献
17.
This paper examines the political power of labor unions. A model of the decision of an interest group to contribute to a political
campaign is developed and tested. The empirical evidence indicates that interest groups, and unions in particular, use political
contributions in a systematic and coordinated manner. Unions give money to candidates with relatively little seniority (who
might otherwise not be elected) and to candidates from districts with about the average number of union members. Such candidates
might otherwise not vote as the union would desire. The influence of campaign contributions and of union membership on the
voting of congressmen on issues of interest to unions is also investigated. Union membership is sometimes significant and
campaign contributions are always significant in explaining voting on minimum wages, wageprice controls, benefits for strikers,
and OSHA and CETA appropriations. The indirect economic effects of labor unions — those effects which occur because unions
influence legislation — may be as important as the direct effects which occur through collective bargaining. 相似文献
18.
Herbert R. Northrup 《Journal of Labor Research》1995,16(3):379-385
Labor relations in the construction industry are conducted under a legal framework that is both different and more favorable
to unions than is that in industry generally. One aspect of this favored union environment is that construction employers
are more subject to challenge than other employers if they operate both union and nonunion subsidiaries (“doublebreasted operations”).
For almost a decade, the construction unions have attempted to obtain legislation disallowing this practice on the erroneous
claims that it is unique to the construction industry and responsible for the decline of construction unions. This article
examines the facts of the case and concludes that having both union and nonunion construction subsidiaries is no different
from having both union and nonunion manufacturing subsidiaries insofar as the structure and operational organization of such
companies are concerned; that the initial National Labor Relation Board decision in regard to doublebreasted operations in
the construction industry was merely an application of precedent of some years previous in other industries; and that construction
industry doublebreasted operations are much more a result than a cause of union decline.
Professor Emeritus of Management; formerly, Professor of Industry; Director, Industrial Research Unit; and Chairman, Labor
Relations Council. 相似文献
19.
Samuel Estreicher 《Journal of Labor Research》2004,25(2):191-197
20.
Kenneth McLennan 《Journal of Labor Research》2005,26(4):597-621
conclusion Over the past 30 years, progressive human resource policies and government regulation of the workplace have improved working
conditions. Today unions are no longer exercising union power to“protect the underdog” or “level the playing field” (Kaufman,
2005). Unions are using their power to pass legislation to benefit their narrow special interests. There are two groups in
the workforce that may provide unions with organizing opportunities. One segment of the workforce is the growing number of
nonpermanent employees or contingent workers. Another is the growing low-wage part of the service sector. The Service Employees
International Union has been one of the few unions to expand membership among these employees. The aging of the baby boomers
will raise the demand for service workers in health care facilities and in hotel and office maintenance which will increase
organizing opportunities for unions in this industry (Kosters, 2004). 相似文献