Ecumenism, Clergy Influence and Liberalism: An Investigation into the Sources of Lay Support for Church Union

Le mouvement cecumenique chez les eglises protestantes a pris beaucoup d'im-portance durant les soixante dernieres annees. Plusieurs groupes religieux autonomes se sont integres dans une union organique tandis que chez certains autres les negotiations ont abouti a une impasse. Cette etude vise a identifier l'ensemble des facteurs operants dans la formation des attitudes des laics vis-a-vis ces projets cecumeniques. Le projet de fusion de l'Eglise anglicane et de l'Eglise Unie est a l'origine de notre interet scientifique. Nos resultats mettent en lumiere l'importance primordiale de deux facteurs dans la predisposition des informateurs a approuver le projet de fusion. Ces facteurs sont les attitudes favorables du clerge et l'ideologie liberate des paroissiens dans les questions profanes.
The ecumenical movement has been gaining momentum in Protestant Christianity for the past sixty years. Organic union of several autonomous religious groups has been achieved, while in other instances, negotiations have ended in stalemate. This study undertakes the identification of those factors which are functional in the formation of lay attitudes toward such ecumenical proposals. The plan to merge the Anglican and United Churches in Canada provided the occasion for the investigation. Findings indicate that clergy endorsement and secular liberal orientation of adherents are two primary factors predisposing respondents to approve the union plan.     

Union Professors: Framing Processes,Mobilizing Structures,and Participation in Faculty Unions*

This study traces the development of union loyalties among community college professors. Assuming that activism is motivated by contextual and ideological factors, the paper analyzes the ways that social networks, collegiate workplaces, and framing practices transform political bystanders into committed union members. Using data from a study of junior college professors in Kentucky (N = 329), the study finds that union participation is strongly linked to a distrust of campus administrators and having pro‐union friends and colleagues. Likewise, perceptions of union efficacy, a liberal identity as well the professor’s education level predicted the actual joining of their campus’ faculty union.     

Beyond Mentoring: Alternative Sources and Functions of Developmental Support

Content analyses were used to explore alternative sources and functions of developmental support other than mentoring among nonfaculty university employees. The majority of participants reported that they had an alternative source of developmental support outside of a mentoring relationship, that the developmental functions (i.e., kinds of support) provided by these sources varied, and that there were differences in sources and functions by participant age and gender. The alternative source of support most frequently mentioned was coworkers. The results also suggested that alternative sources of support may provide many of the functions associated with traditional mentors, although the full range may not be represented.     

Popular Support for Democracy and its Institutions in Korea: The Dynamics and Sources of Regime Support and Institutional Trust

This article examines the contours and dynamics of popular support for democracy in South Korea, a country widely known as one of the most successful third-wave democracies in Asia. Analysis of the Korea Democracy Barometer and East Asia Barometer surveys conducted between 1996 and 2004 reveals that ordinary Koreans’ support for democracy has moved both downward and upward during the past eight years. Analysis of these surveys also reveals that the trajectories and sources of that movement vary considerably across different types of democratic support. Based on this finding that democratic authorization and exercise of power affect various manifestations of democratic support differently, we argue that to understand the dynamics of support for democracy accurately, one must distinguish between the realm of political performance and that of governmental performance.     

Reconceptualizing Women's and Men's Undeclared Work: Some Results from a European Union Survey

Recognizing that the current conceptualizations of men's and women's undeclared work derive almost entirely from a limited range of small‐scale studies of specific localities, sectors and occupations, this article begins to resolve this dearth of evidence by reporting the findings of an extensive cross‐national survey of undeclared work conducted in 2007 across 27 European Union (EU) nations. The outcome is fresh and extensive EU‐wide evidence that extends existing conceptualizations of the gender differences in terms of participation, sector, contract type and pay. However, the recognition that undeclared work is conducted for closer social relations and sometimes for motives other than financial gain, is shown to apply not only to women, as previously contended, but to men as well and to constitute most of the undeclared work in the EU. The result is a call for a fundamental reconceptualization of the nature of undeclared work that recognizes the heterogeneous work relations involved.     

Support for Climate Change Policy: Social Psychological and Social Structural Influences*

Abstract We investigated preferences for climate change mitigation policies and factors contributing to higher levels of policy support. The sample was comprised of 316 Michigan and Virginia residents, all of whom completed mail surveys. Of the eight policies proposed to reduce the burning of fossil fuels, respondents overwhelmingly indicated they would not support a gas tax, while support was highest for shifting subsidies away from fossil fuels and towards sustainable energy strategies. With the exception of taxes on gasoline and “gas guzzlers,” a majority of respondents supported all other mitigation policies. Multivariate analyses revealed that greater trust in environmentalists and less trust in industry, greater recognition of the consequences of climate change, higher income, being black, and older age were predictive of greater policy support. Personal values (e.g., altruism), future orientation, and political affiliation were strong predictors of policy support but only indirectly via worldviews and environmental beliefs.     

Some Sources of Interviewer Variance in Surveys

Interviewer variance is examined for 33 interviewers and 3,000interviews, with age, sex, socioeconomic status, social mobility,and interviewer ratings as key variables. It differs among interviewschedule items and is influenced by combinations of sex andage of interviewers and respondents. Selecting interviewersand assigning households-respondents to them is a complex process,and matching interviewers with respondents on "face sheet" characteristicsmay produce error in some instances while reducing error inothers.     

The Functional Theory of Stratification: a Test of Some Structural Hypotheses*

A review of previous attempts to test hypotheses derived from the functional theory of stratification suggests that to test the theory as formulated by Davis and Moore, the unit of analysis must be the position rather than the individual: indices of the theoretical concepts must be measures of the stratification structure itself rather than perceptions of that structure: and a universe or representative sample of positions must be used to determine if the relationships specified by the theory are applicable throughout a society's labor force. This paper reports a test of the functional theory that attempts to meet these specifications. Three related models are deduced from the theory and tested: (a) a model in which functional importance and change in skill are presumed to antecede change in reward and change in prestige; (b) a second model in which the dependent variables are additionally influenced by the interaction of functional importance and change in skill; and (c) a third model in which possible reciprocal effects of functional importance and skill are estimated using longitudinal data. The predictions of the functional theory concerning the effects of functional importance are not supported by the data.     

Members Participation in the Union: An Investigation of Some Determinants in Singapore

Data obtained from unionized employees inSingapore (N = 205) were used to investigate Strauss(1977) suggestion that union participation studies befitted into the general theories of role and commitment. Hierarchical regression analysis was used toexamine the contribution of role commitment variables(family and union) net of demographic, job or work andunion-related variables to the explained variance in a unidimensional model of unionparticipation. The model accounted for 43%(R²) of the explained variance inparticipation with the role commitment antecedent setcontributing a modest 5% (R²). The significant positive individual variableswere union satisfaction, union commitment, union tenure,and gender while union socialization and marital statuspositively, and family commitment negatively approached significance. Extrinsic satisfactionwas significantly negatively related to participation.Limitations of the study, directions for future researchand the implications of the findings arediscussed.     

Shifting Loyalties: Support for a Global State and Nationalism

It has been suggested that the increasing power and prominence of global organizations may be undermining the nation state as an organizational form. In an attempt to understand how these dynamics may play out at the individual level a sample of US social movement actors were surveyed to measure support for nationalism and support for the creation of a global state. Support for a global state is hypothesized to be negatively associated with support for national governments. Multivariate binary and ordinal logistic regressions show a number of demographic and attitudinal variables are positively associated with nationalism and, generally, are negatively associated with support for a global state.

Se ha sugerido que el creciente poder y la importancia de las organizaciones globales pueden estar debilitando la nación estado como una forma organizacional. En un intento para entender la manera como estas dinámicas pueden interpretarse a un nivel individual, se realizó una encuesta a una muestra de actores del movimiento social estadounidense para medir el respaldo al nacionalismo y el apoyo a la creación de un estado global. El respaldo a un estado global de estar asociado negativamente con el apoyo a los gobiernos nacionales, es una hipótesis. Las regresiones logísticas ordinales, binares y multivariantes, que muestran un número de variables demográficas y de actitud, están asociadas positivamente con el nacionalismo y generalmente asociadas negativamente con el respaldo a un estado global.

有观点认为,全球性组织日益增长的权力和声望可能正在动摇作为一种组织形式的民族国家的地位。为求了解这种动势如何在个人层面上演变,本文选取了美国社会运动参与者作为样本进行调查,测量其对国家主义的支持程度和对建立全球性国家的支持程度。本文的假设是,对全球性国家的支持与对各国政府的支持负相关。多元二进制逻辑回归分析和有序逻辑回归分析结果显示,若干人口和态度变量与支持国家主义正相关,与支持全球性国家负相关。

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Immigration to Spain: implications for a unified European Union immigration policy

A unified immigration policy is one of the prerequisites for establishing the free movement of people within the European Union (EU). This paper considers the difficulties in establishing a joint policy on the free movement of people within the EU by focusing upon changing immigration policies in Spain. By comparing Spain, a country of only recent, small-scale immigration, to Germany, a country with a longer history of non-European immigration, obstacles to developing and effectively implementing coordinated immigration policies among EU members can be elucidated. The administrative control of entry, estimates of legal and illegal immigrants in the country, and the status of bilateral relations with Morocco are examined in order to highlight the political difficulties encountered in a unified immigration policy both within Spanish society and for the EU. Spain is both a threshold to the EU and a destination. Border control may be the easiest part of implementing a joint immigration policy in the EU. It is more difficult to control settlement. In addition, high rates of unemployment may result among the native host country populations as immigrants more readily accept low-skilled, low-paying jobs.     

Factory to Faculty: Socioeconomic Difference and the Educational Experiences of University Professors

Numerous essays exist on the lived experiences of academics from working‐class or poverty‐class origins. Yet, to date, there exists no systematic analysis of the class origins of university faculty members. This study utilizes surveys from a random sample of full‐time university professors at all 95 Canadian universities affiliated with the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC) to analyze the ways in which socioeconomic background impacts experiences within university and graduate school. Findings indicate that several measures of socioeconomic background are indeed significant predictors of this experience. Qualitative data reveal that working‐class faculty members are hyper‐aware of the ways in which their class backgrounds affected their educational trajectories; while conversely, academics from middle‐class backgrounds were also reflective about the ways in which they were privileged. The paper concludes with implications for developing public policy that shifts focus away from apolitical discussions of diversity, toward promoting inclusivity for those from working‐class or lower‐income backgrounds. Il existe de nombreux travaux concernant les expériences vécues par des académiques qui font parties de différentes classes sociales, particulièrement les classes ouvrières. Par contre, jusqu’à date, il n'existe aucune analyse systématique concernant les classes d'origines des membres du corps professoral qui travaillent aux universités. Cette étude utilise des enquêtes qui ont été obtenues avec un échantillon aléatoire de professeurs qui travaillent à temps plein aux 95 universités Canadiennes affiliées avec “L'association des Universités et Collèges du Canada” (AUCC). Cette étude analyse les façons que le statut socio‐économique de la famille affecte les expériences à l'université et aux études supérieures. Les résultats quantitatifs démontrent que plusieurs mesures de statut socio‐économique prédisent ces expériences. En plus, les résultats qualitatifs démontrent que les membres du corps professoral qui viennent la classe ouvrière sont très conscients des façons que leur statut socio‐économique affecte leurs trajectoires académiques. Par contre, les membres du corps professoral qui viennent la classe moyenne sont aussi conscients et même réfléchissant des façons qu'ils sont privilégiés à cause de leur statut socio‐économique. Les résultats indiquent la nécessité de développer des politiques publiques qui détourne l'attention et les discussions apolitiques sur la diversité, aux discussions sur les façons de promouvoir, aux universités, l'inclusion de ceux qui viennent des milieux socio‐économiques inférieurs et défavorisés.     

A Human Needs Assessment of a Trade Union:

No abstract available for this article.     

Some Structural Effects of Migration on Receiving and Sending Countries

Traditionally, the question of migration has been compartmentalized analytically between, on the one hand, the causes of international migration which in the main have been studied by economists and geographers and, on the other hand, the consequences of migration primarily on the receiving countries, which has mostly been an area of concern for sociologists, demographers and geographers who have looked into theories and processes of settlement/integration. The twain rarely met. As a consequence, for heuristic purposes a separation based on discipline, geographical areas and objects of study has taken place, an approach challenged recently by some scholars. This article brings together the threads of international migration in its causes and consequences affecting both sending and receiving countries as well as the migrants. The close interaction between causes and consequences is enhanced by the role of migrants themselves. Indeed, migrants are not only objects whose moves are deterministically conditioned by structural factors, they are social actors who formulate their own strategies and life projects within given settings and conflicts in their society of origin and society of reception, which they in turn contribute to modify.     

Constructing Clean Dreams: Accounts,Future Selves,and Social and Structural Support as Desistance Work

This article investigates the discourse individuals use when talking about desisting from criminal offending. I analyze the links between offenders’ accounts of past negative behavior, their construction of their possible “clean” future selves, and the social and structural conditions in which they were raised and continue to be embedded. Applying Scott and Lyman's (1968) framework on accounts and Markus and Nurius's (1986) framework of possible selves to interview data with twenty‐eight criminal offenders, I illustrate how excuses for past behavior provide a way for people to distance themselves from their past selves in attempts to preserve or re‐create a possible self that is still worthy to be redeemed in the future. This discourse becomes one mechanism that motivates individuals to change their lives—but it can be short‐lived. The analysis highlights how limited structural opportunities influence individuals’ lifestyles and behaviors, how individuals approach the desistance process even in the face of structural deprivation, and how they attempt to sustain this desistance process.